Emerging Wireless Internet Standards Russ Housley Founder of Vigil Security, LLC IETF Chair Wireless@VT 1 June 2011

Internet Engineering Task Force “We make the net work” The mission of the IETF is to produce high quality, relevant technical and engineering documents that influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet in such a way as to make the Internet work better. These documents include protocol standards, best current practices, and informational documents of various kinds. [RFC 3935]

IETF Open Standards While the mission of the IETF is to make the Internet work better, no one is “in charge” of the Internet. Instead, many people cooperate to make it work. Each person brings a unique perspective of the Internet, and this diversity sometimes makes it difficult to reach consensus. Yet, when consensus is achieved, the outcome is better, clearer, and more strongly supported than the initial position of any participant.

Making the Internet Better Challenges from wireless devices Scalability – allow the Internet to support every person and device on the planet Mobility – keep your connection and applications wherever you go and while you are going

Scalability Growth from: Phones Logistics Transportation Internet of Things: Trillions of Nodes Growth from: Phones Logistics Transportation Smart Metering Personal Sensors Building Automation Industrial Automation Internet Fringe: Billions of Nodes Internet Core: Millions of Nodes

Internet of Things: IETF Scope General-purpose technology (IPv6) Suitable routing mechanisms “IP over X” specifications Transport protocols and middleware Operational considerations Not in IETF scope due to lack of expertise: Link layers, specific applications, specific network architectures, policy issues, …

Constrained Nodes in the Internet of Things Node: CPU with a few MHz, ~10 KB RAM, ~100 KB Flash/ROM Network: ~100 Kbit/s, high loss, high link variability, very limited packet size Often battery operated, so must sleep a lot (mW • (1.0–(99.9 %)) = μW) Example: CC2420 Sleep: 20 μA Idle: 426 μA Receive: 18.8 mA Transmit: 8.5 – 17.7 mA

IETF Working Groups (1 of 2) 6LoWPAN: IPv6 (L2 / L3 interface) for low power, low data rate radio communication (already defined IP over IEEE 802.15.4) MANET and ROLL: IPv6 routing solutions for ad hoc networks and low power and lossy networks (LLNs), respectively CoRE: COAP, a light weight UDP-based protocol for sensor networks

IETF Working Groups (2 of 2) EMAN: energy measurement and management framework and MIBs LWIG: Light-weight implementation guidance Not a profile or a new protocol Explains what μIP and other small implementations can do to ensure small footprint

RFC 4944: IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 RFC 4944 provides a number of functions beyond the L2 / L3 interface to enable mapping from the IPv6 to IEEE802.15.4: Adapting packet sizes Header compression Neighbor discovery Power conservation Routing topologies for mesh of devices

Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) A distance vector routing protocol Builds Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) Optimized for low-energy networks Allows building routed networks of “things” border router

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Light-weight, HTTP-like protocol Runs on UDP and supports multicast HTTP-COAP mapping

Mobility Mobile Devices More and more capabilities: voice, video, email, instant messaging, web browsing, geo-location Mobile Networks Ships, trains, and planes (and soon automobiles) Critical system using Internet protocols Connect passenger’s mobile and portable devices

Internet Mobility Early IETF mobility work was largely done by researchers, seeing relatively little deployment 3GPP2 and CDMA networks used Mobile IP Today’s cellular networks use many IETF standards Some new capabilities coming, but not too many Multiple Interfaces (MIF) with Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an example Avoid specialized protocols in different places Goal: one interoperable mobile Internet

Many Pieces Working Together Internet Access Network Access Network Access Router Access Router Access Router Access Point Access Point Access Point Access Point Movement Layer 2 Mobility (Not IETF) Local Mobility (NETLMM) Global Mobility (MIP)

IETF Working Groups MIF: multiple simultaneous network attachments MIP4, MIP6, and NETLMM: Mobile IP MIPSHOP: Performance, signaling and handoff optimization for Mobile IP MIF: multiple simultaneous network attachments HIP: a method of separating the end-point identifier and locator roles of IP addresses MPTCP: Multipath TCP uses multiple paths during a regular TCP session

Mobile IP Mobile IPv4 is specified in RFC 3344 Mobile IPv6 is specified in RFC 3775 and RFC 3776 Mobility allows a node to continue using its “permanent” home address as it moves around the Internet, including maintenance of active TCP connections and UDP port bindings

Multiple Interfaces A host with multiple interfaces must select: default router address DNS server interface for packet transmission Some configuration objects are: global to the node local to the interface related to a particular prefix

Multipath TCP Complements MIF – preparing for mobile end hosts with multiple radios Allow devices to shift between links Pick to most energy efficient network connection to increase battery life Pick “cheaper” access Avoid outages or congestion Might also pool bandwidth from multiple paths

MIF & MPTCP Example (1) Movement Mobile Node Server

MIF & MPTCP Example (2) Movement Mobile Node Server

MIF & MPTCP Example (3) Movement Server Mobile Node

And Maybe … Movement Server Mobile Node

Invitation to Participate IETF uses an open standards process Everyone is invited to participate Even if unable to attend the face-to-face meetings, join mail list discussions One Internet Open standards for a global Internet Maximum interoperability Add capabilities for mobile devices Avoid specialized protocols in different places

Thank You Russ Housley Phone: +1 703 435 1775 Email: housley@vigilsec.com