Journal What fuels change? Is it possible for one person to create change/reform? why or why not? What fuels change? Political, economic, religious, social, artistic, or intellectual

The Reformation

Social The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church

Political Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

Economic European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church

Religious Some church leaders had become corrupt Many people found church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

Indulgences Issued by the Church to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person’s sin as long as one also truly repented. Purchased as assurance of admission to heaven, relief from future guilt or for the salvation of dead relatives.

Person commits a sin Person seeks forgiveness for sin and does some type of good deed as an external display of sincerity (penance) Sins that have not been properly repented can lead to more time in purgatory Purchasing an indulgence released a sinner from performing the penance that a priest imposed for sin

Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1328-1384) England, Oxford Theologian Claims: No basis in scripture to support papal authority Bible as the sole authority Rejected all practices not in scripture Pilgrimage veneration of saints sacraments

Early Reformers Jan Hus (1374-1415) Bohemia (Czech) Chancellor of the University of Prague Attacked corrupt clergy and power of the pope Gained some political support Called to the Council of Constance to discuss ideas Arrested and burned at the stake for heresy

Martin Luther

Lightening Strikes the ground near Luther and he cries out In 1505, returning to university from a trip home, Luther gets caught in a thunderstorm Lightening Strikes the ground near Luther and he cries out "Help me, St. Anne!” "I will become a monk!"

Criticism of the Catholic Church The Popes Patronized the arts Spent on personal pleasure Fought wars Too busy pursuing wordily affairs rather than spiritual duties

The 95 Theses Took a public stand against a friar, Johann Tetzel. Formal statement attacking “pardon- merchants” His words were printed and started to spread over Germany Many believe this is what started the Reformation

Main Ideas 1. People could only win salvation by faith Church said that faith and good works were needed 2. Church teachings should be clearly connected to the Bible Luther said Pope was a false authority 3. All people with faith were equal Did not need priests to interpret for them

Many saw Luther’s protest as a way to challenge the church. Luther was threatened with excommunication Holy Roman Emperor also opposed Luther Brought to trial, refused to recant his statements

Edict of Worms Luther declared an outlaw and heretic No one could give Luther food or shelter All his books were to be burned Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed Gave Luther shelter Translated the New Testament into German Instead of continuing to seek reform, Luther and followers became a separate religious group… Lutherans

Peasant Revolt Christian Freedom - wanted an end to serfdom Raided monasteries Pillaging and burning Made Luther angry German princes crushed the revolt Killing 100,000 people Peasants felt betrayed and rejected Luther

Conflicting ideas in Germany Some shared Luther’s belief Liked the ideas for selfish reasons Good excuse to seize church property and gain independence from Charles V Loyal to the Pope and against Luther Support Luther and signed protest Protestants Non Catholic Churches

Religion Brochures Your table group will be assigned a religion from the Reformation time period. You may work together, but everyone must create their own brochure Use the textbooks and ipads to help gather information You will be sharing these with your peers in class on Thursday.

LUTHER

Group talk: **In your groups please discuss the following questions. It may be helpful to write down a few notes as we will be discussing this as a whole class. Is it possible for one person to create change/reform? why or why not? What is the most effective way to create change? What tools are necessary? Explain. What fuels change? Political, economic, religious, social, artistic, or intellectual Is technology necessary for social change? Explain what role it plays.

Peace of Augsburg Charles V (Catholic) went to war against the Protestant Princes Won the war, but could not convert them back to Catholicism All rulers agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state

War of the Roses Started in England at the end of the 100 Years War – basically 35 years of English Civil War Two Houses, York and Lancaster, fought (Red Rose Lancaster, White Rose York) Begins when Henry IV (Bolingbroke) overthrows Richard II Later Richard III kills everyone including his two nephews to become king…. …Only to lose it to Henry Tudor (Henry VII) at the Battle of Bosworth field

Early Tudors Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York to unite the two families and end of the War of the Roses He his a good king, keeps England out of war (save taking out Ireland) and builds up the state’s treasury, paying back debt and then amassing wealth He has a charming son named Henry VIII

Henry VIII At first, Henry is against the protestant movement Befriends the pope until there is a problem with his succession Henry wanted a male heir, but his only surviving child was a girl (Mary Tudor) Henry asks the pope for an annulment, but the pope refuses Divorce was not permitted in the Catholic Church Pope had ties with Catherine’s cousin, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Act of Supremacy (1534) Henry turns against the pope and passes the Act of Supremacy (approved by parliament) The Act made everyone swear an oath recognizing Henry’s divorce and accepting him, not the pope, as the head of the English Church. Thomas More refused to take the oath and was eventually executed

Changes in the Church of England At first Henry changed very little, but eventually these changes took place The Bible was written in English, services were in English. Monasteries are looted and destroyed The Church lost a lot of its sacraments. The Church became very plain yet formal. Prayers to saints were banned Puritans formed

Board talk: Is it possible for one person to create change/reform? why or why not? What is the most effective way to create change? What tools are necessary? Explain. What fuels change? Political, economic, religious, social, artistic, or intellectual Is technology necessary for social change? Explain what role it plays.