Jean Jacques Rousseau To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties. Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms strength into right…

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Voltaire Every man is guilty of all the good he didn't do. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.

“Inferiors revolt in order that they may be equal and equals that they may be superior. Such is the state of mind with creates revolutions.” ARISTOTLE, 4TH CENTURY BC

“A revolution is a force against which no power, divine or human, can prevail…A revolution cannot be crushed, cannot be deceived, cannot be perverted, all the more cannot be conquered…” PIERRE JOSEPH PROUDHON

The 3rd Estate Awakens

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Ch. 7, Section 2

National Assembly Reforms France Adopt the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” Reflects Declaration of Independence Men are free & equal Guarantees: Equal justice Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Slogan is “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” Doesn’t apply to women

Government Controls the Church National Assembly seizes Church lands Priests will be elected and paid as government officials Good  Need the Church’s money to pay off debts Bad  Priests become politicians; National Assembly loses peasant support

Divisions Develop A Limited Monarchy Factions Split France Sept. 1791: Nat’l Assembly finishes new constitution Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws King still has executive power to enforce laws Factions Split France

Factions Split France Major problems including debt, food shortages L. Assembly literally split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives (Left, Middle, Right)

Sans-culottes vs. Emigres

Jacobins Take Control The Jacobin Club = radical political organization Jean-Paul Marat Jacobin Leader Editor of the Friend of the People newspaper Wanted death to all who supported the king

Louis Tries to Escape

War and Execution Austrians & Prussians want Louis in charge of France Prussia threatens to attack Paris, so France declares war Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards September Massacres Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000 Legislative Assembly deposes the king and dissolves National Convention takes office in September, forming French republic

The Trial and Execution of Louis XVI

The Question of the King Since the L.A. deposed the king Louis is now a common citizen, traitor Should they just kill him or hold trial? Have trial to show the world France is fair and just

Exile or Execute? And the Verdict is….. Found guilty of treason by vote of 683 to 39 Now what? Exile or Execute? 387 for Death, 334 for Exile

The Guillotine Designed by Dr. Joseph Guillotin Took less than ½ second Some say takes 30 seconds to lose consciousness Stories of blinking eyelids, moving eyes, movement of the mouth 15,000 killed during French Revolution 40,000 killed under Hitler Last used in 1977 The blade cuts quickly enough that there is little impact on the brain case, and less immediate unconsciousness than with a more violent decapitation, or long-drop hanging. even an expression of "unequivocal indignation" on the face of the decapitated Charlotte Corday when her cheek was slapped.

Execution of Louis XVI January 1793 Louis’s Last Words: ‘I die innocent, but pardon…..’ head removed. Crowd rejoiced “Long Live the Republic!” 38 years old Buried in an unmarked grave

Execution of Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette being led to the guillotine

Louis XVII did not….

And the children…. Marie Therese Charlotte survived the Revolution…

Madame Tussauds

Jack & Jill Went Up the Hill Jack and Jill went up the hill To fetch a pail of water Jack fell down and broke his crown And Jill came tumbling after.