Campaigns and Elections Do campaigns matter?

U.S. Mid-Term Results 2006 U.S. Mid Term Results What determined this particular result?

What makes a campaign? Aims Actors Issues Methods “A Permanent Campaign” How should we assess campaigns?

The History of Campaigning How have campaigns changed? Why have campaigns changed? Have campaigns become more effective? Premodern 1850-1950 Modern 1950-1990 Postmodern 1990- Campaign Organisation Local/Decentralised Party Volunteers National Coordination Professionalisation Nationally Coordinated but decentralised operation Preparations Central Coordination Short term, ad-hoc, party leaders Long campaign Party HQ Advisers Permanent Campaign and Campaigning Structure Feedback Local party meetings Occasional polls Regular polls focus groups and internet Media Partisan Press pamphlets National television Targeted mail Internet, Interactive TV Campaign Events Local meetings, leader tours News management Press Conferences Extensive News management Costs Low Moderate High Electorate Alignment Dealignment

British General Elections Party Political Broadcasts Manifestos: Do you read them?

Does Media Matter?

Agenda Setting

“Prezza!!”

Spanish Election 2004 In 2004 the Spanish Peoples’ Party were heading for another election win…

Does the Electoral System or the Culture determine the campaign? German Election Does the Electoral System or the Culture determine the campaign?

Indian Elections

How do you win a campaign? How do you lose a campaign? Do campaigns vary between systems and countries? What will shape and determine the 2009/10 campaign?