Doney (2010) The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry Science 328, 1512

Fig. 1 Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows). Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows). The gray arrows denote the interconnections among ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Note that many ocean processes are affected by multiple stressors, and the synergistic effects of human perturbations is a key area for further research. S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS

Westerly winds above the ACC push cold Fresh surface waters away to the north and draw up warmer, saltier water that is low in O2 and nutrients. The bands of westerly winds separate the warm air in the tropics from the cold air over the poles. The thermal gradient drives the winds. Stratospheric ozone influences the temperature gradient Toggweiler and Russell (2008) Nature 451, 286

hwww.youtube.comttp:///watch?v=H2mZyCblxS4

Fig. 2 Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008. Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008. [Adapted from (26)] S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS

Fig. 3 Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources. Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources. [Adapted from (30)] S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS

Changing Ocean Chemistry (and Biology) Kim et al (2011) Increasing N Abundance in the Northwestern Pacific Due to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition. Science 334, 505-509

Fig. 4 Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48). Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48). The large AOU increase on the 26.6 potential density anomaly surface (purple line) is a combination of a decadal-time-scale ventilation cycle in the North Pacific and a smaller deoxygenation trend estimated to be about 5 μmol kg−1 decade−1) (48, 49). CLIVAR, Climate Variability and Predictability Program; WOCE, World Ocean Circulation Experiment. S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS

Pb in the North Atlantic at Bermuda (coral and water data) From Kelly et al (2009) EPSL 283, 93