Cells, Macromolecules, and Enzymes Midterm Review 2017 Team Muck: Bio

Macromolecules Macromolecule Purpose Monomer Examples Build muscle Regulate chemical reactions (enzymes) Amino Acid meat milk eggs soy Store energy for immediate use Monosaccharide Sugar(glucose) Bread Pasta Complex carbs Store energy for LONG-TERM use; make up membrane Fatty Acid fat oil wax Carry genetic information Nucleotide DNA RNA Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid

Testing for Macromolecules Name of test What does it test for? Positive result Iodine Complex carbohydrates (_____________) Dark Purple/Black Benedicts Simple Carbs (Glucose) Biurets Purple/Violet Paper Bag Test Transparent/clear Sudan IV Lipids Starch Brick-Red/Orange Proteins Lipids Bright Red/Orange and two layers

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions change one substance into another (reactants  products) Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy it takes to start a chemical reaction.

Enzymes: Lock-and-Key Model Active Sites are SPECIFIC and COMPLEMENTARY for their substrates. This is like a LOCK & KEY Idea of “1 substrate for 1 enzyme”

Enzymes: Induced Fit Model A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site Induced by the substrate Idea that 1 enzyme can have more than 1 substrate. Is still specific for its substrates, but may be more than 1

What Affects Enzyme Activity? Three factors: 1. Environmental Conditions (Temperature, pH) 2. Cofactors (metal ions) and Coenzymes (vitamins) 3. Enzyme Inhibitors

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Nucleus Linear DNA Complex Large Cell Membrane No nucleus Cytoplasm Circular DNA Ribosomes Simple DNA Small

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles Have their circular DNA located in a region called the nucleoid Unicellular Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells Contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Have their linear DNA located in the nucleus Can be multicellular (plants, animals, some fungi) OR unicellular (protists, some fungi) Larger than prokaryotic cells

Animal Cell

Plant Cell CELL WALL VACUOLE CHLOROPLAST The above three features differentiate a PLANT CELL from an ANIMAL CELL