STUDENT NOTES CHAPTER 2 HIS121

Europeans Encounter the New World, CHAPTER 2 Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492-1600

I. Europe in the Age of Exploration A. Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion 1. Discovery of new trade routes and new lands 2. Bubonic plague (Black Death) 3. European Exploration B. A Century of Portuguese Exploration 1. Reconquest 2. Prince Henry the Navigator

II. A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic A. The Explorations of Columbus 1. Christopher Columbus and Felipa Moniz 2. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand 3. San Salvador and the Tainos 4. Treaty of Tordesillas

Let’s focus on Columbus… …Who was he?

Cristoforo Colombo

1. Columbus set out to prove the earth was round.

2. Columbus was the first European to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

3. Nina and Pinta were the names of two of Columbus’ three ships.

4. The Santa Maria had a safe trip on Columbus’ historic voyage.

5. Columbus never returned to Spain.

6. After his death, Columbus no longer crossed the Atlantic.

7. Columbus was not a slave trader

The European Voyages of Discovery ~ The Problem of Christopher Columbus 1. Columbus’s Goals 2. Discoveries 3. Conquest

II. A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic B. The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange 1. Further exploration after Columbus 2. Ferdinand Magellan 3. Columbian exchange

III. Spanish Exploration and Conquest A. The Conquest of Mexico 1. Hernán Cortés 2. Malinali (“Marina”) 3. Emperor Montezuma and the riches of Tenochtitlán 4. Cortes invades and conquers Mexica

III. Spanish Exploration and Conquest B. The Search for Other Mexicos 1. Tales of wealth 2. Francisco Pizarro 3. de Soto, Coronado, and Cabrillo C. Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico 1. Menéndez and the founding of St. Augustine 2. Oñate and the founding of New Mexico

III. Spanish Exploration and Conquest D. New Spain in the Sixteenth Century 1. New Spain and Spanish domination of the Western Hemisphere 2. The “royal fifth” and the system of encomienda 3. Repartimiento replaces encomienda 4. Intermarriage creates sharp social hierarchy

III. Spanish Exploration and Conquest E. The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization 1. Demoralization of Indian society 2. Virulent epidemics 3. Labor shortage and the importation of African slaves

IV. The New World and Sixteenth-Century Europe A. The Protestant Reformation and the Spanish Response 1. Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation 2. Anti-Reformation monarchs 3. New Spain’s effect on the Spanish economy B. Europe and the Spanish Example 1. Expansion of European influence 2. Failed expeditions