Chapter 8 Section 3 – John Adams Presidency

What is Cause and effect? Determining Cause and Effect is a strategy to find a causal relationship between or among events, conditions, or behaviors. This strategy gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behaviors. Ask what happened and why?

Questions to Ask What was the immediate action that triggered the event? What was the background leading up to the event? Who were the people involved?

1. Find the main Idea Look at paragraph heading, and bold terms. Ask who, what, where, when, or why? What caused this main idea? What happened as a result of this idea?

2. Be alert to clues Certain words and phrases are clues to the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Clue Word and Phrases Cause Effect as a result of because brought about inspired led to produced provoked spurred the reason aftermath as a consequence depended on gave rise to originating from outcome outgrowth proceeded from resulting in

2. Identify the relationship Read carefully to identify how events are related. Writers do not always state the link between cause and effect. Sometimes a reader must judge the cause or the effect.

3. Check for complex connections. Beyond the immediate or superficial cause and effect, check for other, less obvious, more complex connections. Note, for instance, whether there were other causes of a given effect, whether a cause had multiple effects, and whether these effects themselves caused further events.

The need for a stronger government is seen. Example Cause States cannot pay Revolutionary War debts so they claim Pennsylvanian farmer’s lands Main Idea Shays Rebellion Effect The need for a stronger government is seen.

John Adams’s Presidency

Served two terms as Vice President Steps to Presidency Elected President Served two terms as Vice President Ambassador to France and Britain, Negotiated the Treaty of Paris

1 Cause Problem/Event Effect The French saw Jay’s Treaty as America’s attempt to help the British with their war against France. Adams inherited problems with France.  French seized American ships sending cargo to Britain.

2 Cause Problem/Event Effect XYZ Affair – Adams is angered by the actions of three French agents known as X,Y,and Z. Charles de Talleyrand refuses to meet American agents and asks for bribe and loan from America. U.S. prepares for undeclared war with France by establishing the Navy Department and increasing the size of the Army.

3 Cause Problem/Event Effect Americans more suspicious of aliens or immigrants. Congress saw need to pass laws to protect the nation’s security. Alien and Sedition Acts passed.

Alien and Sedition Acts Alien Act Sedition Act Laws aimed at aliens – people living in the country who were not citizens Required immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming a citizen Allowed for deportation without trial Made it a federal crime to say or print anything against the federal government

4 Cause Problem/Event Effect Americans feared a strong national government and Republicans tried to preserve the people’s liberty. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions are passed – claimed that Alien and Sedition Act were unconstitutional. States reaffirmed rights.

5 Cause Problem/Event Effect Adams is urged to go to war with France. In 1800 French signed a treaty and stopped attacking American ships. Adams is not re-elected.