Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE

Communication Revolution The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels How did these changes get all bundled up together?

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

Big Era Seven: growth was not equal everywhere World Population in Big Era Seven: growth was not equal everywhere .

World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0

Growth of the Population of Boston 1690 - 7,000 158% 3,010% 1790 - 18,038 Background photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts 1900 - 560,892

Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820-1930 55-60,000,000 Africans to the Americas 1811-1870 1,900,000 Asians overseas 1850-1920 2,500,000

And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels.

The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation British Factory: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Shared/News2000/Flames/candle-earth.jpg Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 268. 5 watts

Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/noflash/1875-1900/parsons.html Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 269.

The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

Modern Revolution: Energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

better and better steam engines harnessed coal’s energy Image: http://www.hw.ac.uk/mecWWW/watt.jpg

More Efficient Production: Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835 http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg More Efficient Production: Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

LOCATIONS OF COAL MINES In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

Travel Became Quicker: Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg

Travel continued: George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829 http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

NEW ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS Russia U.S.A. India Egypt Cotton exports from agrarian to industrial economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

How do governments implement? New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. How do governments implement? Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312 Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Standardize weights and measures: Metric System (1790) Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs: Transcontinental Railroad (1869) http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/lister.htm~right Improve public health: Antiseptic Medicine (1867)

In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in people’s lives. And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!

Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense New political ideas: People should be free to choose their government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights. DEMOCRACY Encyclopedia Americana, v. 21 (1999) p. 204 Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense (1775)

Governments wrote constitutions: U.S. Constitution 1787 Governments created representative institutions: French National Assembly 1789 Ottoman students: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?ils:4:./temp/~pp_BkH5::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3b28799:@@@ Constitution: http://www.law.utah.edu/library/ David’s Tennis Court Oath image: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/633/

Governments promoted education: Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869 Ottoman students: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?ils:4:./temp/~pp_BkH5::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3b28799:@@@ Constitution: http://www.law.utah.edu/library/ David’s Tennis Court Oath image: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/633/

If the government won’t change, change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions United States 1776 France 1789 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism. Jefferson: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491 Toussaint L’Ouverture: www.cobblestonepub.com/.../ ToussaintArticle.html Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

Ascendancy (rise) of Liberalism What was it in the 19th century?

Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? Rational thought and behavior Civil freedoms and legal equality Rule of law Constitutional and limited government The right to vote and be educated Technical and scientific progress Free market economy Nationalism that advances the community of nations Enhancement of state power and centralization Increased state military and police power State-managed social welfare More efficient taxation State economic management Larger-scale economic enterprise Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism? Mahmud II 1808-1839 Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 William Gladstone 1868-94 Porfirio Díaz 1876-1911

The Communication Revolution Steamboat Railroad Newspaper Transatlantic cable People and ideas moved more quickly

Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850

Railway Development in Europe 1880

Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990

Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center: those who modernized first had the advantage Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263.

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market & went where it got the highest price Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45. India, 1877

not to where it was needed most. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy. http://memory.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3a00000/3a03000/3a03500/3a03511u.tif

And more of the world was colonized than ever before. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm

Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898 http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0027379.html Sudanese dead, 10,000 British dead, 48

Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: The European Moment Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: 1800 35% 1878 67% 1914 88% But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs

Japan Egypt Russia Mexico Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments. Japan Egypt Modernize: Army - Economy - Independence Meiji: http://perso.club-internet.fr/setzer/tokugawa/images/meiji.jpg Aleksander II: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1800/img/1861.jpg. Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70 Muhammad Ali: unknown Russia Mexico

People traveled to learn about the Modern Revolution: -Fossil fuels -Democracy British Factory: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Japanese Factory: Bentley v. 2 p. 866 Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package. Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg Newspaper: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/fsa/8d22000/8d22600/8d22696u.tif Transatlantic cable: D. Christian’s Industrial Rev. ppt from Big History Course

Powerful elites wanted to modernize did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the “modern package” Meiji: http://perso.club-internet.fr/setzer/tokugawa/images/meiji.jpg Aleksander II: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1800/img/1861.jpg. Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70 Muhammad Ali: unknown

Big era 7 is described as being “under pressure” meaning that changes happened more quickly than they had in the past. Was the modern revolution (BE7) a “package deal” (couldn’t have 1 part without another: fossil fuels, communication, democracy)? How was it “under pressure” or felt like it was going to blow up?