SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATES 1. 99% of all chordates 2. Contain a supporting backbone called a vertebral column (replaces the notochord during embryo development) 3. Spinal cord in vertebral column 4. vertebral column: a. grows with the vertebrate (doesn’t have to be shed) b. contains living cells that make materials for the skeleton c. supports and protects the animal’s body d. provides a place for muscle attachment

5. Class Agnatha a. jawless fish (mouths are open all the time) b. oldest class of fish c. skeletons made of cartilage d. mostly parasitic e. ex: hagfish and lamprey f. ectothermic (cold blooded)

6. Class Chondrichthyes a. Ex: Sharks, skates, rays b. skeletons made of cartilage c. streamlined bodies covered in tooth- like scales d. well developed nervous system e. ectothermic

7. Class Osteichthyes a. Ex: founder, bass, drums, goldfish (most any fish you think of) b. have bony skeletons c. swim bladders that help them with buoyancy in the water d. scales and paired fins e. contain a lateral line: allows them to sense movement of other fish nearby (why they can school and not run into each other) f. some give live birth and some lay eggs; some fish lay up to 9 million eggs (only a few survive) g. ectothermic

8. Class Amphibia a. ex: frogs, salamander, caecilian b. Amphibia means “double life”; these animals spend a part of their life in water and a part of their life on land c. Use lungs, gills, and skin in respiration d. Lay eggs in water because they are not in a shell (jellylike and will dry out on land) e. when eggs hatch they turn into tadpoles and go through metamorphosis which is when most develop legs and lungs f. ectothermic

g. Order Urodela: salamanders; have tails as adults, four legs, g. Order Urodela: salamanders; have tails as adults, four legs, and are carnivores h. Order Anura: frogs and toad, well developed legs as adults and almost never have tails i. Order Apoda: caecilians, carnivores, resemble worms since they don’t have legs caecilian salamander

9. Class Reptilia a. ex: snake, turtle, alligator b. dry, scaly skin c 9. Class Reptilia a. ex: snake, turtle, alligator b. dry, scaly skin c. well developed lungs (better suited for life on land than amphibians) d. Lay eggs with tough leather shells on land e. Dry skin prevents water loss since most of their life is on land but must be shed f. Don’t live in cold regions like the arctic tundra because they are ectothermic

g. Order Squamata: snakes and lizards h g. Order Squamata: snakes and lizards h. Order Crocodilia: crocodiles and alligators i. Order Testudines: Turtles and tortoises

10. Class Aves a. Ex: birds b. endothermic (warm blooded) c 10. Class Aves a. Ex: birds b. endothermic (warm blooded) c. hollow bones and front limbs modified for flight d. efficient digestive, circulator, and respiratory systems e. feet are adapted to many different environments f. feathers provide insulation and flight g. fast metabolism (eat a lot of food for their size…poop a lot) h. well-coordinated senses and can see and hear well

11. Class Mammalia a. Ex: humans, ducks b. Endothermic c. Hair or fur d. four chambered heart e. lungs f. females have mammary glands for nursing young

g. Order Monotremata i. ex: duck-billed platypus ii g. Order Monotremata i. ex: duck-billed platypus ii. lay eggs duck-billed platypus echidna (spiny anteaters) 15

h. Order Marsupialia i. Kangaroo, koala, opossum (only one native to United States) ii. bear undeveloped offspring which climbs into the mother’s pouch (a marsupium) to finish development i. The rest are placental mammals: young develop in the mother’s uterus where oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, and nutrients are exchanged through a structure called the placenta

j. Orders of Placental Mammals Order insectivore: Insectivores like shrews, moles, and hedgehogs have sharp claws and long snouts so they can dig out the insects that are their main food source Hedgehog Shrew

ii. Order Chirptera: These winged mammals are commonly known as bats ii. Order Chirptera: These winged mammals are commonly known as bats. Most feed on insects or fruit and nectar

Order Edentata: Most of these mammals have no teeth and feed on insects such as ants or termites. They include sloths, anteaters, and armadillos two-toed sloth

iv. Order Lagomorpha: Lagomorphs are small herbivores like rabbits that can run or jump quickly

v. Order Rodentia: The rodents have a long curved pair of teeth in their upper and lower jaws that grow constantly. Gnawing wood and other plant matter keeps the teeth from growing too long. Mice, squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines, gerbils, and gophers are rodents

vi. Order Cetacea: The cetaceans include whales and dolphins vi. Order Cetacea: The cetaceans include whales and dolphins. They have adapted to life under water although they still have to come to the surface to breath air

vii. Order Carnivora: dogs cats, raccoons, bears, and seals are examples of carnivores. They kill their prey with sharp claws and teeth

viii. Order Perissodactyla: These herbivores have digestive systems that are adapted to eating only plants. They have hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot. Zebras, horses ,and rhinoceroses are in this order

ix. Order Artiodactyla: deer pigs, goats, giraffes, and hippos are in this order. They are herbivores with an even number of toes on each foot

x. Order Proboscidea: Elephants are in this strange group of herbivores. They are the largest animals that live on land, and they have trunks

xi. Order Sirenia: These herbivores are all aquatic and are slow moving. Manatees and sea cows are examples

xii. Order Primates: Primates have very highly developed brains and complex behavioral patterns. Humans, lemurs, and apes are all primates

Classification of a Human: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordates Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens