Spontaneous Generation – Living things could come from nonliving things Biogenesis – All living things come from other living things

Francesco Redi – Questioned the belief that flies were generated spontaneously from rotting meat Observation Tiny wormlike maggots turned into sturdy oval cases, from which flies eventually emerge Experimental Group – Jars with nets over them that contained meat inside Netting allowed air to enter but not flies Control Group – Uncovered jars with meat inside Result – maggots swarmed over the meat in the open jars while the experimental remained maggot free

Control Experimental A: Independent Variable - Cork Experimental B: Independent Variable - Net

Experiment – boiled broth in a flask to kill all microorganisms in it Hypothesis – Microorganisms form not from air but from other microorganisms Spallanzani Experiment – boiled broth in a flask to kill all microorganisms in it Experimental Group – boiled then sealed flask Control Group – boiled then left open Result – sealed flask remained clear and free of microorganisms; open flasks became cloudy *Disagreed – heated the flasks too long, killing the “vital force” in the air inside the flask

Louis Pasteur – Made a goose-neck flask that prevented solid particles from entering but allowed air – Remained clear for up to a year – he broke the neck off & the broth became cloudy

Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms.

Fossil – Trace of a long dead organism Found in sedimentary rock – Deposited by wind & water Develop from hard body parts Overtime hard minerals replace the tissue leaving rocklike structures Mold – Imprint in the rock in the shape of the organism Cast – Mold has been filled with hard minerals making a rocklike model

Distribution of Fossils Law of Superposition – Successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another by wind or water Lowest stratum (rock layer) is the oldest Relative age – Using law of superposition to figure out the age of one fossil compared to another

Uniformitarianism - is the prevailing theory of geologic change.

Evolution is biological change over time 10.2 Darwin’s Observations Evolution is biological change over time A Species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Naturalist – Collect specimens and keep careful records of observations

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Lamarck: Similar species descended from a common ancestor Acquired Trait – Trait not determined by genes but by experience or behavior Believed acquired traits could be passed down

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Charles Darwin Born 1809 Originally studied medicine at Edinburgh University Hated the sight of blood Switched to Theology (Divinity) Faith waivered after encountering the evils of slavery on his travels 1831 H.M.S. Beagle 5-year mapping and collecting expedition to South America and South Pacific

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Worked on his theories for 20 years Married his first cousin Died 1882 February 12th is Darwin Day Did not say “Survival of the Fittest” Herbert Spencer 1864

Found fossils of extinct animals that resemble modern animals. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations Found fossils of extinct animals that resemble modern animals.

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Variation - a difference in a physical trait. Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs. Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks.

10.2 Darwin’s Observations Adaptation - Feature that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. Lead to genetic change in a population The change in Genetic makeup of the population is Evolution

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection Darwin’s Theories Descent with Modification – Newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species Natural Selection – Organisms with favorable traits survive, reproduce, and pass the variations to the next generation Fitness - Measure of survival ability and ability to produce more offspring .

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Darwin noticed a lot of variation in domesticated plants and animals. Artificial selection - Process by which humans select traits through breeding. neck feathers crop tail feathers

Darwin Awards Named in honor of Charles Darwin (Father of Evolution) Awards honor those who improve our gene pool by removing themselves from it

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection Biogeography - Study of the distribution of organisms around the world. Island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species Populations can show variation from one island to another

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Embryology - Provides evidence of evolution. Identical larvae  Different adult body forms Similarities in Biochemistry: DNA, RNA, ATP Embryos of all vertebrates have gill slits Larva Adult barnacle Adult crab

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Anatomy provides evidence of evolution. Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor. Human hand Bat wing Mole foot

10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Human hand Bat wing Mole foot Fly wing 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection Analogous structures – similar function but different structure Analogous structures are not evidence of a common ancestor.

10.4 Evidence of Evolution 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor but no longer have a function

10.4 Evidence of Evolution

Molecular and Genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Molecular and Genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence. Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

10.4 Evidence of Evolution Pseudogenes are sequences providing evidence of evolution. No longer function Carried along with functional DNA Can be clues to a common ancestor