Chapter 11 Between the Tides

What is the intertidal zone? The intertidal zone is the area between the mean low tide and mean high tide. By contrast, the subtidal zone is the area that is always submerged. The intertidal zone, therefore, borders the subtidal zone. The intertidal zone will be exposed during low tide.

Substrate Substrate refers to the type of “bottom” that is present in a community. In the intertidal zone, substrate types can be rocky or soft bottom. Soft bottoms can vary from sand to silt or a mixture (mud). Rocky substrate can vary as to the type of rock present and the degree of height/slope.

What type of organisms live in the intertidal zone? Epifauna – organisms that live on the surface of the substrate (ex: mud snails on soft bottoms, barnacles on hard substrates) Infauna – organisms that live in the substrate (ex: clams burrowed in soft bottoms) Meiofauna – organisms that are so small that they live between the grains of soft substrate These organisms can be sessile or motile.

Problems Associated with the Intertidal Zone Due to the exposure seen in the intertidal zone, organisms face a variety of challenges, including: Desiccation Temperature changes (can be extreme) Salinity changes (can be extreme) Interrupted feeding Wave action and tides Oxygen availability and build-up of CO2 Limited space

Dessication When exposed, organisms must deal with potential water loss. Water loss is more pronounced on hot, dry days or windy days. Organisms can deal with the potential water loss by hiding or “clamming up.”

Desiccation Hiding may involve moving to a tide pool or an area with more moisture (motile organisms) Hiding may also mean that some organisms only live in areas where moisture will remain when the tide is out (such as crevices in rocks or low spots in soft bottoms)

Devil’s Churn Tidal Pool in Oregon-Sea anemones, bivalves and barnacles in the deepest parts of pools and bivalves and barnacles “clammed up”

Desiccation “Clamming up” consists of closing shells or otherwise walling yourself off from the environment in an attempt to conserve moisture (such as an oyster closing its shell or a snail walling itself off using its operculum). While moisture can be conserved in this way, there is a down side – no exchange of gases or feeding occurs.

Changing Temperatures The wide variety of temperatures that must be tolerated by organisms in the intertidal can be severe. Imagine, one morning the temperature may hover around 60 degrees with an afternoon spent in temperatures exceeding 100 degrees. Some organisms have mechanisms to help stay cool such as body ridges to allow heat pass out of shell and light colors to reflect heat.

Changing Salinity Salinity can change dramatically due to temperatures or weather. Normal ocean salinity is around 33-35 ppt. Estuarine salinity normally varies between 5 ppt and 30 ppt. Organisms in the intertidal are normally euryhaline (can tolerate a wide variety of salinities); subtidal organisms by contrast are normally stenohaline (tolerate a very low range of salinities)

Changing Salinity Salinity may begin at 20-25 ppt and climb dramatically during the day due to water loss when the intertidal is exposed. Salinity may also drop during the day due to a sudden influx of freshwater provided by a passing thunderstorm. Mollusks “clam up” to avoid fresh water and those without shells “run and hide” in pockets of seawater

Interrupted Feeding If an organisms “clams up,” feeding will cease. Feeding will also cease for filter feeders when exposed to air. A few organisms such as snails can still feed during low tide by scraping algae off surfaces. organisms may spend nearly half of their day un-submerged and not feeding.

Wave Action Waves can be a problem for organisms that live in intertidal communities directly exposed to them. This action may dislodge organisms from their habitat. Rocky shorelines are often exposed to significant wave action. In soft bottomed communities, the open beach intertidal zone is exposed to significant wave action. Marsh communities are normally not exposed to as much wave action due to their position behind the open beach.

Giant green sea _____ on Pacific Coast are taller in sheltered areas but have adapted to areas of heavy wave action by being shorter

Other organisms like this kelp have adapted to wave action by being flexible.

Oxygen Availability Oxygen can be exhausted if an organism “clams up” during low tide. It can also be exhausted in tidal pools if many organisms have sought refuge there. Carbon dioxide can also build up to toxic levels when organisms are not able to exchange these gases with their environments. Some organisms have evolved the capability to exchange gases in air and water (such as many crab species).

Limited Space In some intertidal communities, proper space may be limited. This is particularly true in rocky intertidal environments where the amount of surface area is limited. However, space can be limited in soft bottomed communities as well. Organisms in these areas prefer hard substrate such as living on an “oyster reef” because they do not wash away due to water action.

Zonation in the Rocky Intertidal Zonation in the rocky intertidal consists of upper intertidal (most exposed) to middle and lower intertidal (least exposed).

Zonation in the Rocky Intertidal Competition will be greater in the lower intertidal because it is the least “severe” of the zones since it is exposed to a lesser degree than the upper intertidal. The lower intertidal is always more species rich for the same reason (although species will vary greatly by location). Species include seaweeds and seagrasses with many types of small invertebrates

Competition Middle Rocky Intertidal Community Some organisms are better competitors than others or will exclude other organisms if the community is left undisturbed. If a habitat is disturbed, organisms move in and are later excluded in a predictable pattern known as succession. The climax community (end result) will form when the community is undisturbed for a long period of time. (Seen at right.) Seastars are a keystone predator that maintains the middle intertidal community.

Upper intertidal of rocky shores is the harshest environment And includes lichens, encrusting algae, and various gastropods Producers (Seaweeds, Seagrass and Diatoms)->Herbivore grazers (snails and sea urchins) on sea-weed, -grass, & lichen as well as Scavengers (crustaceans like crabs) on seaweed & Filter Feeders (bivalves and barnacles) on diatoms and detritus-> Carnivores (Fish, Sea stars, Snails, and Birds)

Soft bottomed Intertidal Areas like Padre Island National Seashore

Substrate in the Soft Bottomed Intertidal In the soft bottomed intertidal community, grain size can vary greatly between sand, silt, clay or a mixture (mud). The smaller the particle size, the less oxygen that can fit in those spaces.

Substrate in the Soft Bottomed Intertidal The grain size is so small in most soft bottomed intertidal communities that all except the top few inches will be anoxic and be dominated by anaerobic bacteria that decompose bits detritus. Therefore, _____ (animals that live on surface) like moon snails and _____ (microscopic animals between the grains of substrate) are usually restricted to the oxygenated zone. _____ (animals that burrow in the substrate) like polychaetes and bivalves must maintain a connection with the oxygenated zones via tubes, siphons or extended burrows if they are located in the anoxic zone.

Soft Bottom Intertidal Organisms Sandy Atlantic Coast Community Diversity of infauna and epifauna that may be found in this community. Photo of Donax (coquina clam) by Dr. Don Keith

Soft Bottom Food Webs Detritus (broken down organic particles) and producers such as phytoplankton and benthic diatoms form the basis for the food web in this community.

Rocky Intertidal Food Webs The food web in the rocky intertidal is based on producers such as seagrasses, algae and diatoms. Top carnivores in any community that have the ability to change community composition significantly are known as keystone predators.