Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Studied traits of pea plants Born in 1822. After becoming a priest, he studied math and science at the University of Vienna. In addition to being a teacher at a monastery, he was in charge of the garden. This is where he conducted his experiment of the garden peas. 1st he self pollinated only the peas. Then cross pollinated. The self pollinated plants looked just like the parent plant. The cross pollinated ones to on characteristics of both parent plants. Father of Genetics Studied traits of pea plants

Genetics The study of heredity, how traits (characteristics) are passed down from one generation to the next Gene – sequence of DNA that codes for a protein & thus determines a trait Traits - A genetically determined characteristic

Heredity The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring These characteristics (traits) are inherited from parents

Generation All of the offspring that are at the same stage of descent from a common ancestor. Your grandparents, great aunts and great uncles are a generation. Your parents, aunts and uncles are a generation. You, your siblings and cousins are a generation.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid The genetic material that controls all activities of a cell and determines the traits of an organism

Chromosome - A threadlike strand within the nucleus of a cell containing genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next. Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome proteins DNA double helix

Karyotype A picture or display of all the pairs of chromosomes in numerical order based on size & shape

Homologous chromosomes huh-mol-uh-guhs Chromosomes that pair up and have the same genes, are the same size and shape. One from mother & one from father.

Autosomes Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome Chromosome pairs 1-22

Sex Chromosomes Chromosome pair #23 XX – 2X’s will make female XY – will make male

Human Chromosomes - Karyotype - Is this a boy or a girl?

Alleles Different forms of the same gene for a specific trait. Example: Trait – eye color Alleles – blue, brown, green

Dominant An allele that is fully expressed over a recessive Written as a capital letter - F

Recessive An allele only expressed with another recessive. Written as a small letter - f

Genotype The genetic makeup (gene combination) of an organism – the allele combination - letters (Ff) - symbols

Phenotype Physical Appearance Outward (physical) appearance of the alleles Ex. Blue eyes, tallness, being colorblind

Homozygous Having 2 identical alleles for a specific trait Purebred Can be dominant or recessive Examples FF, ff

Heterozygous Having 2 different alleles for a specific trait Hybrid or carrier Example: Ff

Punnett Square A table used to predict what traits offspring will have, based on the traits of the parents F f FF Ff ff heterozygous homozygous

Probability If “F” represents “Fire-breathing” and is dominant, what is the probability this dragon will be fire breathing? F f FF Ff ff

Boy or Girl?

Despite the importance of Mendel’s work . . . . Some alleles are neither dominant or recessive and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.

Boy or Girl?

Would the DNA found in your hair be the same DNA in your skin? Forensic Scientists . . Would the DNA found in your hair be the same DNA in your skin? Yes, DNA contains the information for your entire genetic makeup. DNA is contained in blood, bone, saliva, skin, organ tissues, muscle, brain cells, teeth, hair, mucus, perspiration, fingernails, semen, urine, feces, etc.

• Two widow’s peak alleles (both dominant), their hairline will have a peak • One widow’s peak allele (dominant) and one straight hairline allele (recessive), they will have a widow’s peak • Two straight hairline alleles (recessive), their hairline will be straight.

Detached Earlobes Attached earlobes Detached earlobes

Hitchhiker’s Thumb mytwobubs.com

Tongue Roll obviouswinner.com

Dimples dreamstime.com jacquelineluxe.com

Cleft Chin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Cleft-Chin.jpg

Bar graph must include the following: Title of chart Y axis is the total students X axis is the trait Above each bar include the percent Classroom Traits 68% 50%