Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis  Prof Rupert R A Bourne, MD, Seth R Flaxman, BA, Tasanee Braithwaite, MPH, Maria V Cicinelli, MD, Aditi Das, MD, Jost B Jonas, MD, Jill Keeffe, PhD, John H Kempen, MD, Janet Leasher, OD, Hans Limburg, PhD, Kovin Naidoo, PhD, Konrad Pesudovs, PhD, Serge Resnikoff, MD, Alex Silvester, MD, Gretchen A Stevens, DSc, Nina Tahhan, PhD, Tien Y Wong, PhD, Hugh R Taylor, MD Rupert Bourne, Peter Ackland, Aries Arditi, Yaniv Barkana, Banu Bozkurt, TASANEE BRAITHWAITE, Alain Bron, Donald Budenz, Feng Cai, Robert Casson, Usha Chakravarthy, Jaewan Choi, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Nathan Congdon, Reza Dana, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Aditi Das, Iva Dekaris, Monte Del Monte, Jenny Deva, Laura Dreer, Leon Ellwein, Marcela Frazier, Kevin Frick, David Friedman, Joao Furtado, Hua Gao, Gus Gazzard, Ronnie George, Stephen Gichuhi, Victor Gonzalez, Billy Hammond, Mary Elizabeth Hartnett, Minguang He, James Hejtmancik, Flavio Hirai, John Huang, April Ingram, Jonathan Javitt, Jost Jonas, Charlotte Joslin, Jill Keeffe, John Kempen, Moncef Khairallah, Rohit Khanna, Judy Kim, George Lambrou, Van Charles Lansingh, Paolo Lanzetta, Janet Leasher, Jennifer Lim, Hans LIMBURG, Kaweh Mansouri, Anu Mathew, Alan Morse, Beatriz Munoz, David Musch, Kovin Naidoo, Vinay Nangia, MARIA PALAIOU, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi, Fernando Yaacov Pena, Konrad Pesudovs, Tunde Peto, Harry Quigley, Murugesan Raju, Pradeep Ramulu, Serge Resnikoff, Alan Robin, Luca Rossetti, Jinan Saaddine, MYA SANDAR, Janet Serle, Tueng Shen, Rajesh Shetty, Pamela Sieving, Juan Carlos Silva, Alex Silvester, Rita S Sitorus, Dwight Stambolian, Gretchen Stevens, Hugh Taylor, Jaime Tejedor, James Tielsch, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris, Jan van Meurs, Rohit Varma, Gianni Virgili, Jimmy Volmink, Ya Xing Wang, Ning-Li Wang, Sheila West, Peter Wiedemann, Tien Wong, Richard Wormald, Yingfeng Zheng Prof Rupert R A Bourne, MD, Seth R Flaxman, BA, Tasanee Braithwaite, MPH, Maria V Cicinelli, MD, Aditi Das, MD, Jost B Jonas, MD, Jill Keeffe, PhD, John H Kempen, MD, Janet Leasher, OD, Hans Limburg, PhD, Kovin Naidoo, PhD, Konrad Pesudovs, PhD, Serge Resnikoff, MD, Alex Silvester, MD, Gretchen A Stevens, DSc, Nina Tahhan, PhD, Tien Y Wong, PhD, Hugh R Taylor, MD Rupert Bourne, Peter Ackland, Aries Arditi, Yaniv Barkana, Banu Bozkurt, TASANEE BRAITHWAITE, Alain Bron, Donald Budenz, Feng Cai, Robert Casson, Usha Chakravarthy, Jaewan Choi, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Nathan Congdon, Reza Dana, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Aditi Das, Iva Dekaris, Monte Del Monte, Jenny Deva, Laura Dreer, Leon Ellwein, Marcela Frazier, Kevin Frick, David Friedman, Joao Furtado, Hua Gao, Gus Gazzard, Ronnie George, Stephen Gichuhi, Victor Gonzalez, Billy Hammond, Mary Elizabeth Hartnett, Minguang He, James Hejtmancik, Flavio Hirai, John Huang, April Ingram, Jonathan Javitt, Jost Jonas, Charlotte Joslin, Jill Keeffe, John Kempen, Moncef Khairallah, Rohit Khanna, Judy Kim, George Lambrou, Van Charles Lansingh, Paolo Lanzetta, Janet Leasher, Jennifer Lim, Hans LIMBURG, Kaweh Mansouri, Anu Mathew, Alan Morse, Beatriz Munoz, David Musch, Kovin Naidoo, Vinay Nangia, MARIA PALAIOU, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi, Fernando Yaacov Pena, Konrad Pesudovs, Tunde Peto, Harry Quigley, Murugesan Raju, Pradeep Ramulu, Serge Resnikoff, Alan Robin, Luca Rossetti, Jinan Saaddine, MYA SANDAR, Janet Serle, Tueng Shen, Rajesh Shetty, Pamela Sieving, Juan Carlos Silva, Alex Silvester, Rita S Sitorus, Dwight Stambolian, Gretchen Stevens, Hugh Taylor, Jaime Tejedor, James Tielsch, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris, Jan van Meurs, Rohit Varma, Gianni Virgili, Jimmy Volmink, Ya Xing Wang, Ning-Li Wang, Sheila West, Peter Wiedemann, Tien Wong, Richard Wormald, Yingfeng Zheng  The Lancet Global Health  Volume 5, Issue 9, Pages e888-e897 (September 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0 Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Population-based prevalence studies of blindness and vision impairment in the Global Vision Database Volume of new studies by region and reporting by vision loss severity are presented with a comparison to those in the original systematic review.8 New studies were obtained from Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burundi, China, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, India, India, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Laos, Libya, Madagascar, Moldova, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia. Black bubbles indicate the number of studies. The Lancet Global Health 2017 5, e888-e897DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Age-standardised prevalence of blindness, moderate and severe vision impairment, and mild vision impairment by subregion and sex for 2015, in adults aged 50 years and older The Lancet Global Health 2017 5, e888-e897DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Global trends and predictions of numbers of people who are blind or moderately and severely vision impaired, from 1990–2050 The Lancet Global Health 2017 5, e888-e897DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30293-0) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions