Aim: What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
Key Terms Autocrat – Ruler with absolute power (Absolute Monarch) Emancipate – To set free Duma – Elected representative legislature (i.e. Parliament) Proletariat – Industrial Working Class/Urban Poor
Czarist (Tsarist)Russia 1) Most Populous Nation in Europe 2) Rigid Social Class Structure Serf Class is Emancipated (Freed) 3) Autocracy – Leader has TOTAL power 4) Czars DO NOT MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE 5) Not as Industrialized as Western Europe GFMNP REVOLUTION
Leaders in Russia Czar or Tsar – Russian Ruler Czar Nicholas II Brutal Leader Czar Alexander II Abolished Serfdom Czar Alexander III
Problems in Russia Citizens are Internally Divided Only ½ Population is Russian, All have different needs Not as industrialized as Western Europe No Voice in Government (No representation)/Needs are not being met Harsh Working Conditions/Lives for Poor Russo-Japanese War (lost) + WWI
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 200,000 workers approached the czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg Petition for: 1) Better Working Conditions 2) More Freedom/Personal Liberties 3) Representation in Government/Elected Legislature Troops open fire on workers Led to More Violence
Bloody Sunday
Early Reform in Russia 1) Czar Nicholas II created the Duma Duma – Parliament, Elected Legislature 2) Prime Minister – Peter Stolypin Cracked down on revolutionaries Agricultural/Educational Reforms to help peasants
World War I 1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army Tsar Enters War to Unify Nation TOTAL DISASTER 1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army No LEADERSHIP Tsarina is in charge 2) Russian Army is not well equipped (lack of industry) 3) Many young Russians are dying 4) War is expensive/People are starving
The March Revolution March 1917 – Women Textile Workers Strike “Down with the Autocracy, Down with the War” 200,000 Stormed the Streets – Soldiers ordered to shoot rioters but joined them instead Czar Nicholas II Steps Down Duma established a Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky (moderate socialist) Free Elections, Free Speech, Freedom to Assembly and Freedom of Religion
November BOLSHEVIK Revolution V.I. Lenin Leads Bolsheviks “Peace, Land and Bread” Bolshevik Red Guards toppled Provisional Government Bolsheviks in Power Lenin ordered all farmland to be delivered to peasants Gave control of factories to workers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (leaves WWI)
Socialism/Marxism in Russia Karl Marx Philosophy Proletariat would overthrow government Proletariat – Industrial Working Class Russian Marxists Split into 2 Groups: Mensheviks – Moderate Bolsheviks – Radical Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Socialist Revolutionaries Formed Soviets Soviets – Local councils of workers, peasants and soldiers
Civil War in Russia White Army (Loyalists) vs. Red Army (Communists) Leon Trotsky Leads Red Army 14 Million Dead Famine, Fighting, Flu Lenin Restores Order RUSSIA= 1st COMMUNIST Nation
IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Civil War is won by the BOLSHEVIKS (Communists) Lenin takes over as Dictator NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) 1) Small Scale Capitalism 2) Peasants could sell surplus crops 3) Government kept control of major industries Country Recovers from Civil War Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Aim: How did Russia become a Totalitarian State?
Totalitarianism Totalitarian State – A state in which the government controls ALL aspects of its citizens’ lives. Command Economy – Government officials make all basic economic decisions. Purges – Attempts to get rid of any DISSENT in society (Violent) Collectivization – Process of combining all private land and placing it under government control.
Features of Totalitarian Rule Dynamic Leader: A strong leader that provides SIMPLE SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS. Police Terror: Secret police eliminate all opposition, rule through fear. Indoctrination: “Brainwashing,” imparting specific ideas/fundamentals upon youth. Propaganda: Government action to influence peoples’ positions or ideas. Censorship: Government limitation of media
Religious/Ethnic Persecution: Targeting of minority groups to eliminate or disenfranchise. State More Important Than Individual: Individual rights and freedoms are sacrificed for the good of the state. Autocratic Government/Dictatorship: Powerful government with TOTAL control, one- party dictatorships.
Improve Transportation Increase Farm Output Stalin’s 5 Year Plans Goals Build Heavy Industry Improve Transportation Increase Farm Output (COLLECTIVIZATION)
Results of the 5 Year Plans Economic: COMMUNISM, Industrialized, Increased Production, Few Consumer Goods, Central Planning Surpluses/Shortages Political: Increased Stalin’s Power-Totalitarianism, Soviet Union becomes a powerful Modern State Social: Elimination of all dissidents, religious and ethnic persecution, brutal regime (millions killed), no individual rights/freedoms
Collectivization in Agriculture Agriculture Under Government Control (Totalitarian). State Set Prices and Controlled Supplies Collectives – State owned farms Goals of COLLECTIVIZATION: Increase farm/agricultural output Increase government power.
EXTREME Resistance to Collectivization Kulaks – Wealthy Farmers who resisted Collectivization by killing animals/destroying farm tools. “De-Kulakization”: Stalin’s Goal was to “Liquidate the Kulaks as a Class” Government took ALL grain Forced Starvation RESULTS OF COLLECTIVIZATION 1) Famine 2) Increase in Government Power
Terror Famine – Forced Famine Ukrainian Forced Famine (Terror Famine) Kulaks = Wealth Farmers, Resisted Collectivization, “Liquidate the Kulaks” Forced Starvation = 10-15 Million Dead
The Legacy of Joseph Stalin The Great Purge: Government sponsored ttacks against anyone that was a threat to power. 8 – 13 Million Dead Women: Role in workforce expanded, harsh life Workers: Harsh Conditions, Child Labor, Low Wages, Unions outlawed. Increased Education. Secret Police: Cheka KGB, Used violence and terror to create a state of fearful obedience. **LITTLE/NO INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Religious Persecution GOAL: Replace Religion with Communism Police Destroyed Churches and SynagoguesKilled Clergy (Russian Orthodox Church) 2. POGROMS – Waves of Violence Against Jews 3. Government Propaganda attacked religion, promoted Atheism
Russian Revolution Review Terms Westernization: The process of becoming industrialized and modernized (like Western Europe) Socialism: Means of production (businesses) shared by the public. Communism: Classless society in which means of production are collectively owned. Soviet Union is the 1st communist country. Command Economy: Economic system in which government controls SUPPLY. Pogroms: Waves of violence against the Jewish poulation Absolute Monarchy: Autocracy in which the leader has complete authority.
Totalitarian Government: Government that controls ALL aspects of life. Censorship: Government control of the MEDIA Famine: Starvation, not enough food; Stalin used a FORCED FAMINE to crush Ukrainian nationalism. Collective: Large government run farm; Stalin used collectives to increase agricultural production. Dissent: To oppose; Stalin’s Great Purge attempted to eliminate all dissenters. Heavy Industry: Major goal of Stalin’s 5 year plans was to build up heavy industry (steel, coal, electricity) Proletariat: Working class Soviet: Local organization of workers
Commissars-Government Officials Kulaks: Wealthy aristocratic land owners Gulag: Forced labor camp, prison Atheism: Non-believer in religion Russification: To become like Russia