Types of Cellular Transport high low Weeee!!! Passive Transport Cell DOES NOT USE energy Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Cell DOES USE energy Protein Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis high low This is gonna be hard work!!

Types of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves ONLY Water Molecules Energy Toward which side? Example

No (Passive transport) Yes (Active transport; ATP) Types of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves Water Molecules Energy No (Passive transport) Yes (Active transport; ATP) Toward which side? Example

Types of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves Water Molecules Energy No (Passive) Yes (Active) Toward which side? Water moves to the side w/ less water (and more solute) Molecules move to side with less molecules Molecules move to side with more molecules Example

Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves Water Molecules Energy No (Passive) Yes (Active) Toward which side? Water moves to the side w/ less water (and more solute) Molecules move to side with less molecules Molecules move to side with more molecules Example Cell absorbing water (due to hypotonic solution) O2 and CO2 (simple); glucose (facilitated-carrier); Ca2+ (facilitated-ion) Cell pumping in more molecules (sodium-potassium pump); endo- and exocytosis

3 types of Osmosis Less water inside (and more solute) so water moves IN. 3. Equal amounts inside and outside = “equilibrium” 2. 1. Less water outside (and more solute) so water moves OUT. Label types of osmosis

How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over- expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called turgor pressure (plants prefer hypotonic environments). Animals prefer isotonic environments

This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and some protists. Autotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food. These organisms use the __________ from the sun to produce food in the form of ______________. light energy glucose or sugar This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and some protists.

Examples are all animals and all fungi. Heterotrophs These are organisms that cannot make their own food. Examples are all animals and all fungi. Heterotrophs must consume food. Heterotrophs eat plants or eat other animals that eat plants.

This is a complicated process so do not lose sight of the big picture: The purpose of the light dependent reactions is to produce ATP and NADPH that are needed for the light independent reactions. Water molecules are continuously _____. The ________ will accumulate inside the thylakoid. The ______ is released to the atmosphere. split hydrogen oxygen This takes place along the ________ membrane. thylakoid The light independent reactions pass electrons continuously from water to NADPH. The two photosystems work together using the light energy from the sun to produce _____________. ATP and NADPH

The purpose of the light reaction is to produce the high-energy compounds of ATP and NADPH which will be used in the light-independent reactions to make GLUCOSE

Where It All Happens Light-Dependent Reactions: Thylakoids Light-Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions = Stroma

To Sum It All Up: The solar energy from the sun has been stored as chemical energy in glucose.

Stages of Cellular Respiration Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis Anaerobic Aerobic Fermentation Krebs Cycle 2 ATP + 4 CO2 Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 32 ATP from ETC + H2O 2 ATP 2 CO2 2 Ethanols 2 ATP 2 Lactic Acids TOTAL: 36 ATP

Glycolysis: Key Points Glucose is broken into TWO molecules of pyruvate Makes only TWO molecules of ATP Makes TWO molecules of NADH Most of the energy from glucose is still stored in the pyruvates, so off they go to the Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle: Key Points Acetyl CoA is the input TWO TURNS of the cycle are required to break down ONE molecule of glucose (since it was split into two pyruvates) Also referred to as the “Citric Acid Cycle” After TWO TURNS of the cycle, the result is: 4 molecules of CO2, 2 molecules of ATP, 6 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of FADH2 The cell needs more ATP! The electron carriers NADH and FADH2 travel to the ETC

Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Key Points NADH and FADH2 are the electron carriers responsible for transporting electrons to the ETC The energy released by the electrons as they travel through the ETC provides the power for pumping H+ ions from the matrix (low concentration) to the intermembrane space (high concentration) As the H+ ions diffuse back down their gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix (chemiosmosis), they pass through ATP Synthase, generating ATP **Same concept as the ATP Synthase in photosynthesis**

Where It All Happens Glycolysis = Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle = Mitochondrial matrix ETC = Mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane) Since fermentation (both lactic acid and alcoholic) involve ONLY glycolysis, fermentation takes place ONLY in the CYTOPLASM

To Sum It All Up: Cell Respiration Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to release the energy (as ATP) in food This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life. C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (O2) Products: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O), ATP .

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Gives off carbon dioxide Takes in carbon dioxide Plants All organisms (whether aerobic and/or anaerobic) Gives off oxygen Involves carbon dioxide and oxygen (gas exchange) Makes food (glucose) Takes in oxygen Sunlight Makes energy (ATP) Chloroplast mitochondria

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis: Plants use sun energy to make glucose (sugar) 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water + sun  glucose + oxygen Cellular Respiration: Organisms use glucose to make ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration Definition With oxygen Without oxygen How much ATP? 36 2 Example Cellular Respiration (3 stages) Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid; only glycolysis)