Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 1-11 (March 2018)

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Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 1-11 (March 2018) Gastroesophageal reflux disease: A clinical overview for primary care physicians Sudha Pandit, Moheb Boktor, Jonathan S. Alexander, Felix Becker, James Morris Pathophysiology Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 1-11 (March 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.001 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Los Angeles Classification of GERD. Grade A − one or more mucosal breaks each ≤5mm in length. Grade B − at least one mucosal break >5mm long, but not continuous between the tops of adjacent mucosal folds. Grade C − at least one mucosal break that is continuous between the tops of adjacent mucosal folds, but which is not circumferential. Grade D − mucosal break that involves at least three-fourths of the luminal circumference. Pathophysiology 2018 25, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.001) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Progressive histological changes seen in mild and erosive esophagitis A − Normal esophagus histology; B − Increased basilar layer thickness and papillary elongation of noncornified stratified squamous cells; C − Increased fibrosis in papillary stricture. Pathophysiology 2018 25, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.001) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Complications of Erosive Esophagitis. Endoscopic (A) and Histologic (B) findings in peptic stricture as a complication of prolonged erosive esophagitis from GERD. Pathophysiology 2018 25, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.001) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions