Characteristics of Rational Recreation Characteristics of Popular Recreation

Characteristics of Rational Recreation local Simple unwritten rules Characteristics of Rational Recreation Characteristics of Popular Recreation Natural simple Cruel, violent, rough Wagering occasional rural Courtly/Popular

Characteristics of Rational Recreation Regional national international Codified / NGB’s local Simple unwritten rules Purpose built facilities Characteristics of Rational Recreation Characteristics of Popular Recreation Respectable, fair play Natural simple Cruel, violent, rough Control of gambling regular Wagering occasional Urban / suburban Exclusive/elitist rural Courtly/Popular

Rational Recreations if these are the characteristics … Purpose built facilities Codified / NGBs Respectability Regular Exclusive elitist Urban / sub urban Control of gambling Amateurism and professionalism Fair play what brought about these changes?

What cultural factors influenced these characteristics? Regional national international Codification / NGB’s Purpose built facilities Respectable Characteristics of Rational Recreations Fair play Regular Amateurism/professionalism Elitist / exclusive Urban / suburban Gambling controlled What cultural factors influenced these characteristics?

& Cultural Factors that influenced their development Better transport Business/admin skills & ex PS boys Regional national international Codification / NGB’s Technological advancement Purpose built facilities Respectable M/C influence Characteristics of Rational Recreations & Cultural Factors that influenced their development Fair play Regular PS and M/C influence More free time & transport Amateurism/professionalism Class structure/ spectatorism Elitist / exclusive Social class and gender discrimination Urban / suburban Gambling controlled industrial and urban revolutions Improved law and order &m/c influence

Rational Recreations – cultural influences The transport revolution Communications revolution – post and telegraph Railways Enabled people to travel faster / further Distant teams / supporters could travel Led to need for standardised rules Meant kindly factory owners could organise excursions to the seaside Allowed people to travel to the country – maybe taking their newly invented bicycle along What would be the impact of trains on horse racing? Improved living conditions Gradual process through 19thC Partly through limited govt action – eg Wash House and Baths Act 1846 = bathing facilities Some ‘paternalistic’ factory owners – improved conditions which also improved morale Earnings improved – hours at work reduced Development of Public Parks = facility for recreation

Rational Recreations – cultural influences The Class System Emergence of the middle class during 19th C as important cultural force Class restricted opportunity – determined income, housing, lifestyle and sporting opportunities Would mean if you were a Gentleman Amateur or if you could be a professional M/c became administrators etc for many NGB’s 1860 -1890 m/c very resourceful – invented new activities to copy u/c – lawn tennis and cycling m/c had opportunity, provision and esteem for participation – but what of the working class? More Free Time Series of Govt Acts to reduce working hours Thought excessive hours were unhealthy 1870 – 1890 most workers gained Saturday half day Enabled time for spectatorism – some played sports 1870 skilled workers had 3 days paid holiday per year – 1890 – a week Wages improved & more rail enabled more travel

Rational Recreations – cultural influences The Church Medieval times – church was opposed to many pop recs Protestantism 1700 – 1850 – Some Church Feast days and Wakes – but gradual decline due to drunken excesses – Protestant work ethic 1850 – Evangelism / social Christianity – used sport for their ends – agreed with the values that sport could bring- so church would promote sports – to keep people busy NB – Bolton Wanderers…. Women Role of Victorian Women – inappropriate for a lady (M/C or U/C to exercise, sweat, display body So sport was a no no! Maybe even medically dangerous? Lawn tennis helped Towards end of 19th C some relaxation towards ideas around women’s participation What about Working Class Women?

JUNE 2012 How did each of the following factors influence the characteristics of mob football: a harsh lifestyle, widespread illiteracy, limited transport and communications? Describe two changes in the nature of ‘free time’ from the 18th to 19thC. (5)   Explain how the industrial revolution initially restricted opportunities for the lower class to take part in pre-industrial sports and pastimes. For a specific sporting activity, explain one way in which opportunities for working class participation had increased by the end of the 19thC (5)

Jan 2013 Compare the characteristics of popular recreation with the characteristics of rational recreation. Explain how two late 19thC socio-cultural factors continue to influence sport and recreation today.

Analyse the impact of the railways on the development of Football in 19thC and comment on how transport and communications continue to impact on sport today. (10 marks) Min 250 words

Homework Evaluate critically the impact of socio-cultural factors that have influenced the growth and development of association football from 1850 to today. (20)