Refer to class discussions and lectures for additional information Geology of the oceans Chapter 3 Refer to class discussions and lectures for additional information

Geology of the oceans The world ocean covers over _____of the planet’s surface. The oceans are believed to have formed about __________________

Primitive Earth and Formation of the Ocean The atmosphere formed only______ _____________________________ The oceans formed only after____ _____________________________ The formation of the oceans created the ____________________ required for ___________________________

Ocean and the origin of life __________________discharged electricity within water vapor, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen The experiment produced _________(the building blocks of life). The idea that life arose from a primordial soup (proteins and other complex materials formed when shallow pools evaporated) was supported. Currently scientists propose that life arose deep in the_______________________ ________________________________

Oldest known fossils Fossils of ______________represent some of the earth’s earliest life forms Fossils of _________________(blue-green algae) are dated __________

The Ocean Today Major ocean basins: ______________ (largest) ______________ (smallest) ______________ (also considered an ocean)

Seas and gulfs Sea – ___________________________ Examples: _________________ Gulf – _________________________ _________________________________ ________________

Continental Drift layers of the Earth The Earth’s interior consists of multiple layers: ____________________ The ____________________is the uppermost solid portion of the mantle and the crust

Moving Continents The continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle Pangaea – ________________ The Earth was a single continent that broke up and drifted apart over___________________ ___________________– included North America, Greenland, and Eurasia ___________________– included South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India

Forces that drive continental drift Mid-ocean ridge – ________________ Rift valley – _________________________ ___________________________________ New seafloor forms at the___________________ _______________________________________ Subduction zones – __________________ seafloor returns as part of the rock cycle at ____________________ Seafloor spreading – ________________

Evidence for continental drift and seafloor spreading Three forms of evidence to support the theory of seafloor spreading Sediment layers – _______________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Radiometric dating – __________________ ___________________________________ Magnetometer data – _________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________

The unifying theory: Theory of Plate Tectonics The theory of plate tectonics unites the theory of seafloor spreading and the theory of continental drift According to the theory of plate tectonics, __ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Divergent plate boundaries (constructive boundaries) _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Convergent plate boundaries (destructive boundaries) ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

Rift Communities Deep-sea vent communities _____sea water seeps into the crust in the rift valley. Hot magma below the crust superheats the water that has high levels of dissolved ____________ _______________ _____________ _____________is the equivalent of sunlight for the hydrothermal vent organisms

Rift communities cont. Hydrothermal vents communities include organisms such as clams, giant tubeworms, and crustaceans The primary producers for these communities are_________________ Primitive bacteria metabolize the dissolved sulfides providing chemical energy for the food web at the rift communities Some scientists hypothesize that life on Earth_________________ ____________________