Chapter 9 Section 2

Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life Industrial Cities After 1800 cities become population centers Urbanization: the movement of people to the cities, & city growth Why? What British cities were important? London, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, & Manchester

Industrialization con’t… Living conditions: no planning No housing laws Lacked adequate police protection Lack of education Major issues: Sanitation: Sewage in the streets Housing: fire hazards, overcrowded Crime: pickpockets, conmen Assault, larceny Lived in the “rookeries” Sickness and epidemics Cholera: infection of the intestines

Elizabeth Gaskell Wrote novels about the living and working conditions in England Tried to sympathy for the working class

Working conditions Owners wanted as much work done as possible 6 days, 14 hour day: one break for lunch Dangerous factories: Explosions Dark work areas No regulations Dangerous mines Miners lived 10 years less than others Child labor Mostly in the textile mills Small bodies made them ideal for many of the dangerous jobs in the mills Paid less because of their age

Working conditions con’t… Class tensions The growing middle class Factory owners, shippers, & merchants, wealthy farmers Upper class looked down on the new wealthy middle class Working class saw little improvement Some lost jobs as machines replaced them Some groups attacked factories The “Luddites”

Positive Effects of Industrialization Created jobs Contributed wealth to the nation Increased technological progress and innovation Increased the production of goods Raised the standard of living Provided hope for a better life Other benefits Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper mass produced clothing Increased educational opportunities

Positive Effects con’t… The Middle & Upper Classes saw immediate prosperity The working class will have to wait Long Term Effects: Living and working conditions have greatly improved Wages are much higher Tax revenues fund state & local government improvements

The Mills of Manchester The perfect place Larger labor force Near Liverpool Water power source The downside Dirty Unplanned growth Terrible working conditions Beat child workers to keep them awake 6 days a week 12 to 14 hour days 30 minutes for lunch 1 hour for dinner

Manchester con’t… The Factory Act, 1819 Pollution: Restricted working age & hours Pollution: Blackened air Multi-colored river water The symbol of industrialization untamed