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Earth’s Natural Regulation of CO2

The Carbon Cycle Fig. 18.15

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Fig 7 compare to new one

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Ozone Hole (http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/)

Atmosphere Absorption of Sun and Earth Radiation

Keeling Curve

Projected Emissions and Potential Changes

The Missing Sink

Albedos for Various Terrestrial Biomes Equatorial forest 0.18 Savannah 0.18-0.24 Mid-latitude forest 0.14-0.46 Tundra 0.18-0.80 Desert 0.35 Fig. 25 (In general vegetated surfaces reflect less than bare soil and rock. Tall vegetation prevents snow from making surface completely white)

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Possible chain of events set off by overgrazing Fig. 26

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Fig 15 (14 is a series from Mt St Helens)

Fig 17

Aerosols are cloud condensation nuclei Fig. 31 Increased terrestrial vegetation leads to decrease dust (aerosol) Ocean plankton release a sulfur compound (aerosol)

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Fig. 35

Differential heating of Earth

Insolation

Temperature at Surface

Salinity at Surface

Fig. 8C.

Evaporation minus Precipitation

Circulation Effect on Energy Balance

Wind-driven surface ocean circulation

Fig. 14.6A

Geometry of Earth’s orbital variations and tilt

60°N summer insolation minima coincide with glaciations

TODAY ~1880 A.D. FRANZ JOSEPH GLACIER 12

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Northern Hemisphere ice sheets Maximum ice sheet extent during the late Cenozoic (past 3 Myr) All N. H. ice sheets = sea level equivalent drop of ~118 m (or max130 m) --> Laurentide ice sheet = ~76 m; Scandinavian-Barents = ~14 m; Cordilleran = ~ 7 m

Greenland Ice Core Record (GISP2) WARM Holocene “D-O events” Stage 3 LGM COLD

x Greenhouse molecule, H20, CO2 Solar radiation, Qs Solar Constant So = 1367 w/m2 S p a c e Solar radiation, Qs Qs (1- a)/4 = esTe4 Te = -18°C Qb = esTe4 Qb = esTe4 In a greenhouse enhanced world, the Te is forced to higher elevation Te 300 m Te cool Lapse rate, 7°C/km x Lapse rate, 7°C/km x x x x x x x convection x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x DT=2.1°C hot x Natural greenhouse Earth Surface greenhouse enhanced x Greenhouse molecule, H20, CO2

? Last 1000 years hotter sun colder sun Cold period Warm period Its been warming really fast, and will continue to do so…why? Increased greenhouse gas in atmosphere; radiation budget is about 2 w/m2 positive [about 2 w/m2 more going in than out] ? Now [what have we done!] Last 1000 years Instrumental data Cold period Little Ice Age Warm period hotter sun more sunspots colder sun less sunspots

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Ocean chemistry strongly linked to land (chemical weathering), Fig. A Ocean chemistry strongly linked to land (chemical weathering), ocean biology, atmosphere (gas exchange), and ocean mixing

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Major influence on surface chemistry of ocean Fig. 1 Some organic particles sink to deeper ocean before respiration

Fig. 18

Figure 1 (Francis et al., 2005). Anomalies in September-average total sea ice extent (area with >15% concentration) in the N. Hemisphere derived from passive microwave satellite data. Anomalies are relative to the 1979-2000 mean of 7.0 million km2. Data were obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L21501, doi:10.1029/2005GL024376, 2005

Vicious cycle. Chapin et al Vicious cycle. Chapin et al. (2005, Science) describe positive-feedback mechanisms from changing snow and vegetation cover on the climate of the Arctic. These mechanisms work to amplify global warming in the Arctic by reducing the highly reflective snow cover (top and middle) and expanding the cover of shrubs and trees (top and bottom). CREDIT: M. STERNITZKY/UNIV.OF WISCONSIN. INSETS: PHOTO.COM; M. STURM/U.S. ARMY COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY; J. BERINGER/MONASH UNIV Science 28 October 2005: Vol. 310. no. 5748, pp. 627 - 628 DOI: 10.1126/science.1120104Prev | Table of Contents | Next Perspectives ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Tipping Points in the Tundra Jonathan A. Foley