Modern World History Chapter 13, Section 3 A Global Conflict

The War Expands (#1) World War I was much more than a European conflict Australia and Japan entered the war on the Allies’ side, while India supplied troops to fight alongside their British rulers The Ottoman Turks and later Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and the Central Powers

Battle of Gallipoli (#2 & #3) Allies move to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait in February 1915 They hoped to take Constantinople, the capitol of the Ottoman Empire, and defeat the Turks, who were Central Powers’ allies They also want to open a supply line through the Black Sea to Russia Allies were unable to take the strait and withdrew after a year Allies suffered 250,000 casualties in the campaign

War Affects the World (#4) Battles took place in Africa and Asia Allies take control of German holdings in Asia and Africa Japan took Germany’s Pacific possessions British and French troops fought the 4 German colonies in Africa (taking 3 of them) Britain and France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort (sometimes as soldiers, others helped in supplies)

U.S. Enters the War (#5) Germany seeks to control Atlantic Ocean to stop supplies to Britain Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare, and ship near Britain are sunk without warning Germany halts this policy in 1915 after the sinking of the Lusitania angers the US Lusitania was a British passenger liner, but it had 128 Americans aboard Submarine warfare violated traditional rules of the sea that required ships to allow crew to of an unarmed ship to escape in life boats before the ship was sunk.

RMS Lusitania arriving in New York on her maiden voyage arriving in New York in September 1907. Upon its sinking by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, 1,198 people died when the ship went down.

U.S. Enters the War (#5) Germany renews unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 in hopes to starve Britain quickly Renewal of policy angers the United States Zimmerman Telegram—German effort in February, 1917 to enlist Mexico in war against the United States, which angers the US The US declares war against Germany in April 1917 joining the Allies

War Affects the Home Front (#6) Governments Wage Total War World War I becomes a “total war”—nations devote all resources to war (also means the target of the war goes beyond military to civilian targets) Governments take control of the economy to produce war goods. Nations turn to rationing—limiting purchases of war-related goods

War Affects the Home Front (#6) Governments Wage Total War Governments also forcefully suppressed antiwar activity Propaganda—one sided information to build morale and support for the war

War Affects the Home Front (#7) At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men (in factories, shops, offices, farms) Women supplied troops with food, clothing, and weapons Many women also experience the war by working as nurses Most women gave up the jobs when the men returned but they showed what women were capable of (which helped them gain the right to vote in the US in 1920)

Russia Withdraws (#8) Civil unrest in Russia (due to wartime shortages of food and fuel and frustration over mounting losses) forces Czar Nicholas to step down from throne in March, 1917 Communists soon take control of Russia’s government (in November, 1917 led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) Russia signs a treaty with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war

Russia Withdraws (#8) Russia’s withdrawal allowed the Germans to move all of their troops to the Western Front The Germans were then able to mount one last offensive in hopes of winning the war before the majority of the American forces arrived

The Allies Win the War (#9) The Germans advance to within 40 miles of Paris in their last offensive 2nd Battle of the Marne is the Allied victory that essentially ends the war By then German military exhausted and low on supplies Arrival of first 140,000 of US troops helps to reinforce Allied lines Allied counteroffensive with nearly 2 million US soldiers pushes Germans back toward Germany

Armistice Ends the War Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany gives up his throne on Nov. 9, 1918 Germany declares itself a republic An armistice is signed on a railway car near Paris ending the fighting on Nov. 11, 1918 (11th hour, 11th day, 11th month)

The Legacy of the War War takes heavy toll; 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries Many acres of land and homes, villages, towns destroyed Civilians suffer from starvation, disease and slaughter Survivors suffer disillusionment and despair; reflected in the arts (losers of war resentful)