Primary Beam Intensity 20% speed of light deflecting magnets focussing magnets acceleration speed of light Max. 90% experiment UNILAC eff. puls width for injection: 47μs 36.2% efficiency Ion Number of injections Intensity [spill-1] at FRS Ion source Date 58Ni 1 6*109 MEVVA 3.2006 107Ag 3*109 2.2006 124Xe 5*109 MUCIS 3.2008 136Xe 4 7.2006 208Pb 30 1.3*109 PIG 238U 2.0*109 9.2009 15.5% speed of light intensity[s-1]=0.5*intensity[spill-1] period of one revolution 4.7μs 10 turns will be accepted for injection acceleration: 0.5 s extraction: 1.0 s magnet resetting: 0.5 s

UNILAC beam structure width of the beam pulse: 130μs repetition rate: >200 ms beam current of MEVVA source for 238U ions (73+): 900μA= =1.0•1010 particles/s beam energy: 11.4 MeV/u (v/c=0.155) MEVVA source for 238U ions (73+): 150μA=1.7•109 particles/s Penning source for 238U ions (73+): 30μA=3.3•108 particles/s

SIS beam structure – single-shot injection eff. pulse width for injection: 47μs (36.2% efficiency) UNILAC v/c=0.155 SIS circumference: 216.720m period of one revolution: 4.7μs 10 turns will be accepted for injection 0.5s time for acceleration: 0.5s beam extraction : 1-9s time for magnet resetting: 0.5s Standard Operation: dB/dt=1.3T/s → 1.38s SIS18 Modus: dB/dt=4T/s → 0.45s SIS12 Modus: dB/dt=10T/s → 0.12s Injection of 1 UNILAC beam pulse 1.0• 1010 particles Minimum time for acceleration, extraction and magnet resetting: 2s (spill-length) SIS beam: 1.0•1010 •0.362/2=1.8•109 particles/s=3.6• 109 particles/spill

SIS beam structure – multi-multi-turn injection eff. pulse width for injection: 47μs (36.2% efficiency) time for injection: 1-2s time for cooling: 3s time for acceleration: 0.5s beam extraction : 1-9s time for magnet resetting: 0.5s Injection of 10 UNILAC beam pulse 10•1.7• 109 particles (150μA) Minimum spill length: 6-7s SIS beam: 10•1.7• 109 •0.362/7 =8.7• 108 particles/s multi-multi-turn injection 3.1• 108 particles/s single-turn injection The present currents reached from the high current injector and sources need no stacking by the electron-cooler If a future UNILAC source can fill SIS with 1 beam pulse up to the incoherent space charge limit (3•1010 particles/spill), the maximum theoretical 238U beam intensity is 1.5•1010 particles/s. (time for acceleration, extraction and magnet resetting is only 2s)

Lifetime and Beam Loss - XHV is the key to heavy ion acceleration XHV ≡ extra high vacuum

SIS – beam loss due to charge change