Photochemistry Ljósefnafræði, hefur áhuga á efnafræðilegum áhrifum ljóss Efni örvað með ljóseindum (e.photons) úr grunnástandi í örvað ástand Efni aförvast.

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Presentation transcript:

Photochemistry Ljósefnafræði, hefur áhuga á efnafræðilegum áhrifum ljóss Efni örvað með ljóseindum (e.photons) úr grunnástandi í örvað ástand Efni aförvast úr örvuðu ástandi í grunnástand og gefur frá sér ljóseind, t.d. flúrljómun (skammvinn) og fosfórljómun (langvinn) Eiginleikar atóma/sameinda geta breyst við að örvast frá grunnástandi (t.d. samhverfa) Getur haft mikið að segja við efnahvörf

Ljósefnafræði getur verið verulega frábrugðin „venjulegri“ efnafræði Skoðum dæmi um það:

photochemistry example: Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example: Cl Ar

photochemistry example: Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example: . Cl . Ar .

photochemistry example: Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example: Ar Cl

photochemistry example: Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example: + - Cl Ar Cl

photochemistry example: Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example: Ar Cl Cl

O3 Hvernig er efnafræði ósoneyðingar- innar?/ Ozon depletion? O3 Cl

( ) 20 km ( ) Earth

Heildarloftstyrkur og ósonstyrkur yfir jörðu. / Concentration profiles for air and ozone in the Earth´s atmosphere.

20 km Earth

Gleypni ósons á nær-útfjólubláa litrófssviðinu Gleypni ósons á nær-útfjólubláa litrófssviðinu. Gleypnistuðull er í réttu hlutfalli við gleypni efnisins fyrir fastann efnisstyrk. Absorption cross section of ozone in the near UV spectral region.

20 km Earth

20 km O3 + O -> O2+O2 Earth

Nokkrir punktar um óson Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) Montreal Protocol Byrjaði árið 1989 (núna 197 þjóðir) Leggur áherslu á að banna losun á ósoneyðandi efnum út í andrúmsloftið Freon eða CFC (ChloroFluoroCarbons) Radikalar eru hvatar í niðurbroti (NO,Cl,Br)

Chemistry and spectroscopy of the greenhouse effect/ Global warming effects(?)

Gegnskin og gleypni andrúmsloftsins SÝN ....................................IR...............................

O=C=O Gleypni Bylgjulengd (mm)

Anti str = 2349.16 cm-1 1/2349.16 cm-1 = 4.2568 cm = 4.257 μm http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B4000020&Units=SI&Mask=800

Ultraviolet Visible Near-IR Infrared Far-Infrared Microwave

Ný hætta Metan gas (CH4(g)) Hitun sjávar losar um methane hydrate (CH4●5,75H2O) sem er í föstu formi á botni sjávar Milljónir tonna af CH4 geta farið út í andrúmsloftið

Organic photochemistry: photoisomerization

X % Y % Stilbene(1)

Stilbene(2)

Astrochemistry

C2H2 ??? Big organic molecules : Life(?)

C2H2 ??? Big organic molecules : Life(?)

C2H2 ??? C CH2 C2 Big organic molecules : Life(?)

LASER radiation of C2H2 Ion yield C2H2+ C+ C2+ H+ Magn jóna C2H+ CH+ CH2+ Mw Time of flight

Orka HCCH*: HCCH:

C2 + Orka HCCH*: C2 H2

Orka HCCH*:

Orka HCCH*: CH2 C

A + M ??? M1 + M2 ??? A + B C + D Reaction cross section:

A + M ??? M1 + M2 ??? A + B C + D Reaction cross section: Cross section = s = <d>2p d But ions:

But ions: Reaction cross section: A+ + B C + D + F µ 1/r2 - + +

But Ions: Reaction cross section: A+ + B C + D + - + +

+ + But ions: Reaction cross section: A+ + B C + D Collision frequency much larger +

+ A + M ??? M1 + M2 ??? A + B C + D Reaction cross section: Ions: Collision cross section = s >> <d>2p d

Ýmislegt um efni í geimnum Sameindir hafa fundist í geimryki Tvíatóma (AlF, C2, CO, CS, HCl, NH, PN…) Þríatóma (AlOH, H2O, C2O, CH2, HCN…) Fjóratóma--- til allt að 13 atóma keðjur, t.d. CH3COOCH3 og HC10CN. Einnig hafa fundist fullerene sameindir, t.d. C60 Smug (e.Quantum Tunneling) einnig talið vera þáttur í að “ómöguleg” efnahvörf gerist í geimnum Árekstur sameinda/atóma getur valdið efnahvarfi

Gleypni/útgeislun

Atomic Hydrogen, H l = 21 cm n = 1420.4 MHz

Unknown absorption bands in the optical and infrared region. Absorption wavelengths do not agree with any known atomic transtions. Not caused by physical conditions in the molecular cloud. Discovered in 1919 two decades BEFORE any known interstellar molecules!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSJY2ivQ8c (Dishoeck) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89vwbXKM5PQ (ALMA) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAr6MbzRuEg (AMINO)