Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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Presentation transcript:

Atoms, Molecules and Ions Chapter 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ELEMENTS MAKEUP MATTER Element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. 114 elements have been identified 82 elements occur naturally on Earth gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur 32 elements have been created by scientists technetium, americium, seaborgium

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction. 4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.

LAWS ASSOCIATED WITH DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Law of Multiple Proportions

16 X 8 Y + 8 X2Y Law of Conservation of Mass

THE ATOM MODELS THOMPSON MODEL RUTHERFORD MODEL

Thomson’s Model

Rutherford’s Model of the Atom atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m “If the atom is the Houston Astrodome, then the nucleus is a marble on the 50-yard line.”

ACCEPTED MODEL OF ATOM NUCLEUS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS

Page 48

mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei Mass Number X A Z Element Symbol Atomic Number H 1 H (D) 2 H (T) 3 U 235 92 238

The Isotopes of Hydrogen

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C ? 14 6 ? 6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C 11 6 ? 6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

Average atomic mass (6.941)

PROBLEM 2.70 IDENTIFY THE ELEMENTS REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS AND GIVE THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN EACH CASE. 2010X 6329X 10747X 18274X 20384X 23494X