Age of Jackson Presidential Election of 1824-aka Corrupt Bargian-J.Q. Adams won Election was divided geographically 4 Candidates: Jackson – nationally favored JQ Adams – Northeast Henry Clay – West Crawford - South Jackson won the popular vote, but none received majority of electoral votes (131) - House of Reps had to decide

Jacksonians screamed that the election was a fraud Henry Clay had the power to swing the election and he disliked Jackson, supported Adams Jacksonians screamed that the election was a fraud Claimed that there was a Corrupt Bargain = Adams won, placed Henry Clay as Sec. of State Jacksonians withdrew from the Dem-Republican Party to form Democratic Party JQ Adams Jackson

John Quincy Adams as President Followers of Jackson had blocked Adams’ plans Voting Rights were greatly increased by the states = universal white male suffrage Election of 1828-Jackson won Jackson appealed to the common people Campaign was geared toward the common man by using parades, posters, balloons, etc Political speeches became like entertainment and people more informed Patronage/Spoils System – rotation of officeholders, he said would stop corruption, but it allowed him to give away huge numbers of jobs to friends

Removal of the Native Americans Conflicts → Jackson favored settlers over Native Americans Jackson did not believe in assimilation Assimilation = Americanizing or bringing someone into another culture Indian Removal Act of 1830 – federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties, forcing the natives off their land About 90 treaties were signed, pushing them off their land, and moving them west began Cherokee tried to win just treatment through the legal system

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 – Cherokee won all the rights they were due, were recognized as a nation, (a political community) Jackson’s Response – to ignore the ruling, “let Marshall enforce it” Trail of Tears Forced removal continued under President Martin Van Buren 800-mile trip, mostly on foot, during winter, many died, their belongings stolen Buried more than 25% of their people died Placed on inferior land (Oklahoma)

States’ Rights, Jackson and the National Bank Tariff Issue Protective tariffs passed to protect markets, 1816, 1824, 1828, and 1832 Tariff of Abominations (1828 and 32) – this tax on imports forced southerners to pay higher prices for manufactured goods John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, -Jackson’s first Vice President Calhoun authored the “Exposition and Protest” in response to the tariffs He proposed nullification Nullification Theory – questioned the legality of applying some federal laws on sovereign states – type of checks and balances for the states against the federal government Nullification involves state’s rights

Hayne-Webster Debates For a week in January of 1830, Senators Robert Hayne of SC debated with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts on the tariff issue Core of the debate = state v. federal power South Carolina’s Rebels Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 – legislators declared the tariffs unconstitutional and called to nullify them SC threatened to secede from the Union Jackson’s Response = threatened to use force to uphold the authority of the federal government Although a southerner and a slave owner, Jackson took the actions as an attack against him Declared SC actions as treasonous This is one of the few events where Jackson went against the common man Violence avoided because SC agreed to lesser tariff Calhoun resigned as VP

11/29 Warm Up: What does nullification mean? How does this apply to the SC Nullification Crisis? Explain the court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia and explain Jackson’s response.

Bank War Jackson accused bank of favoring Northeastern businessmen over Western farmers 1832, vetoed the bill to recharter the bank “Pet Banks” – Jackson orders federal money to be withdrawn from National Bank and placed in state banks loyal to the Democratic Party Nicholas Biddle, President of Bank – in order to save the Bank, demanded repayment of loans Forced many businessmen and manufacturers into bankruptcy – Biddle was forced to stop Five years later the National Bank closed its doors

Overall Impact of Jackson Jackson’s policies had angered many people, including members of his own party –the Democratic party Many of these people formed a new party, called the Whig party anyone who opposed excessive power Led by Henry Clay Opposed Jackson’s policies Two party system reemerges Martin Van Buren, Jackson’s 2nd Vice President – won the presidential election of 1836 Jackson’s economic policies led to a recession during Van Buren’s presidency Many banks, and the federal government started to accept only gold or silver Panic of 1837 – bank closings and the collapse of the credit system caused many people to file for bankruptcy

Panic of 1837