રજૂકર્તા - શ્રી જીતુભાઈ પટેલ

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રજૂકર્તા - શ્રી જીતુભાઈ પટેલ શ્રીમતી એમ.કે.પટેલ હાઈસ્કૂલ અને શ્રીમતી એ.એસ.જે.પટેલ હા.સેં.સ્કૂલ. ગોઝારિયા આજનો સળગતો સવાલ ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડું રજૂકર્તા - શ્રી જીતુભાઈ પટેલ

ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડું

પ્રકાશ અને ઉષ્માનો સ્ત્રોત ૧૩૯૨૦૦૦ કિમી વ્યાસ પૃથ્વી કરતાં ૧૦૯ ગણો સૂર્ય પીળા રંગનો તારો પ્રકાશ અને ઉષ્માનો સ્ત્રોત ૧૩૯૨૦૦૦ કિમી વ્યાસ પૃથ્વી કરતાં ૧૦૯ ગણો તાપમાન ૬૦૦૦ કેલ્વિન

પૃથ્વી અને વિવિધ આવરણ જલાવરણ મૃદાવરણ વાતાવરણ સમતાપ આવરણ

Location of Stratosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Troposphere Mesosphere Stratosphere 10 km 40 km 50 km 300 km 400 km (Terry: ozone good up high / bad nearby)

The Ozone Layer protects our earth by blocking harmful Ultra-Violet light Not enough ozone! Lloyd A. Treinish IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 www.research.ibm.com/people/l/lloydt/

ઓઝોનની રચના

Oxygen in the Atmosphere UV radiation O O2 + + O An oxygen molecule consists of two oxygen molecules. When an oxygen molecule (O2) is struck by UV radiation, it splits into two separate oxygen atoms Free oxygen molecules can then combine with oxygen molecules to create ozone, or O3. Over hundreds of millions of years, more and more ozone began to build up in the earth’s atmosphere, which is 10-30 miles above the earth’s surface and begins to form the ozone layer. O3 (ozone) O + O2

O O2 + UV + O3 (ozone) O2 O2 O + + heat O3 (ozone) + O2 O + O3 (ozone) Once in the atmosphere, the oxygen atoms and molecules behave in predictable ways, especially because ozone is highly unstable (e.g., almost any opportunity to break down, it will). There are three primary reactions that occur: Ozone absorbs UV radiation and is broken down into O and O2. Some of these free oxygen atoms then either combine with other ozone to form more oxygen: Or…. They recombine with existing oxygen to re-form ozone and release heat into the atmosphere. It is in this way that the stratospheric ozone “shields” us from UV radiation. It doesn’t really “reflect” the heat like a mirror, but rather absorbs it and transforms it into heat which is released back into space. In addition to ozone break down from UV radiation, there are other natural causes of its breakdown: nitrogen and chlorine are released from oceans in fine sea mist, which will react with ozone. volcanic activity release chlorine, hydrogen, and nitrogen which will also react with ozone. The process of O3 breaking into its constituents O2 and O, and cycling back again, is a natural process. Over the course of one billion or so years, the stratosphere has reached a dynamic equilibrium between the oxygen compounds. heat O3 (ozone) + O2 O +

Dynamic Equilibrium creation of ozone breakdown of ozone You can think of the break down and creation of O3 in the stratosphere as a bucket or water tank (or wine barrel, as shown here), that is being filled and is releasing water (or wine) at the same rate. This creation and break down has been in balance for close to one billion years. breakdown of ozone

ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડાનો દર creation of ozone breakdown of ozone Only in this century has human activity threatened this balance by speeding up the destruction of ozone, or in other words, by increasing the amount of wine or water that is leaking out of the barrel. Remember: Before the creation of the ozone layer, much of the UV radiation reaching the planet was able to actually contact the earth’s surface. The ocean was the only way for life to survive under these early conditions. In the billion or so years of stasis during which the ozone layer was protecting the surface waters and land from the mutagenic effects of radiation, multicellular life evolved and flourished. Currently, the ozone layer screens out 99% of the harmful radiation that enters the upper atmosphere from reaching the planet surface. Now, before we switch to modern impacts to this system, break for questions… breakdown of ozone

ઓઝોનનો યમદૂત = Chloro Fluoro Carbon C F C Modern day concerns about ozone layer is result primarily of ozone depletion in the stratosphere by compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs.

C F C = Chloro Fluoro Carbon Molecules

Development of CFCs 1928: DuPont scientists develop CFCs “ideal compounds” for refrigerants and propellants WHY?? First of all, let’s examine what transpired over last 75 years. DuPont scientists found that CFCs were remarkable compounds. WHY??

CFC દ્વારા ઓઝોનનું મૃત્યુ Cl F Cl F C UV radiation Rowland and Molina in 1974 speculated that UV radiation could break loose a chlorine atom from a CFC molecule. That newly “freed” chlorine atom could then break down the protective ozone. + + Cl- “free radical”

મુક્ત Cl પરમાણું....... O3 (ozone) ClO O2 + + ClO O2 + O + Cl- Cl- “free radical” O3 (ozone) ClO O2 + + So the chlorine is a “free radical” (like a free agent in baseball). Their hypothesis—after following its logical chemistry—was that this free radical would then create chlorine oxide, which is unstable. It naturally attracts single oxygen atoms, thereby producing an oxygen molecule and once again freeing the free radical! This produces a self-perpetuating cycle that can continuously break down ozone molecules. In other words, a single molecule of CFC, once it reaches the stratosphere, could break down more than 100,000 molecules of ozone as the chlorine continuously frees itself. This short, elegant study was the basis for awarding these two men the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their research findings in this groundbreaking study. ClO Cl- “free radical” O2 + O +

છૂટો પડેલો ૧ ક્લોરિન ૧ લાખ ઓઝોનનો ખત્મો બોલાવે છે....... CFCl3 + પારજાંબલી કિરણો ==> CFCl2 + Cl છૂટો પડેલો ક્લોરિન ઓઝોન સાથે જોડાય છે અને ...... Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2 ClO + O ==> Cl + O2 છૂટો પડેલો ક્લોરિન ફરી ઓઝોન સાથે જોડાય છે અને ...... Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2 ClO + O ==> Cl + O2 અને ફરી.................. છૂટો પડેલો ૧ ક્લોરિન ૧ લાખ ઓઝોનનો ખત્મો બોલાવે છે.......

Total ozone Total ozone measured above Antarctica, in Dobson Units. From Horel and Geisler, 1996

ઉપગ્રહ તસ્વીર – દસ વર્ષનું સરવૈયું Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Twelve year period (1980-1991) with data from the polar spring (October) only

૧૯૯૦ નું ગાબડું

October Average for Total Ozone over Antarctica, 1955-1995 Based on British measurements from weather balloons

ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડું પાડનાર પરિબળો

ઈન્હેલર

કાર્બન ડાયોક્સાઈડનું વધુ પ્રમાણ

સ્પ્રે - અત્તરનો વધુપડતો ઉપયોગ

પ્લાસ્ટિકની બોટલો-કોફી કપ

રેફ્રીજરેટર તથા એરકંડિશનર

સ્પેઈસશટલનું ઉડાણ

રાસાયણિક ખાતરો તથા દવાઓનો વધુપડતો ઉપયોગ

ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડુના માઠા પરિણામો

અન્નજાળમાં ભંગાણ

ત્વચાનું કેન્સર ( સ્કીન કેન્સર )

ત્વચાનું કેન્સર ( સ્કીન કેન્સર )

બાળકોમાં શારીરિક ખોડખાંપણ

મારો શો વાંક ?

બાળકોમાં શારીરિક ખોડખાંપણ

પ્રાણીઓમાં શારીરિક ખોડખાંપણ

મોતિયો

વનસ્પતિને નુક્શાન

રોગ પ્રતિકારકશક્તિ પર અસર

શ્વાસના રોગો - ફેફસા પર અસર

આપણે શું કરી શકીએ ? કાર કે અન્ય ઘરેલું એરકંડિશનરની સમયાંતરે ચકાસણી કરાવો. રેફ્રીજરેટરની સર્વિસ સમયાંતરે કરવો.લીકેજ હોયતો તાત્કાલિક બદલાવો Don’t use foam plastic insulation in your home, unless it is made with ozone safe agents. Or use fiberglass અત્તર – સ્પ્રે –ફોમ વગેરેનો ઉપયોગ ઘટાડો.

આપણે શું કરી શકીએ ? રાસાયણિક ખાતરનો ઉપયોગ ટાળો. વધુમાં વધુ વૃક્ષો વાવો. હવાનું પ્રદૂષણ ઘટાડો. લોકજાગૃતિના પ્રયત્નો કરી શકાય. ઓઝોનમાં ગાબડુંના ગંભીર પ્રશ્ન પ્રત્યે ગંભીરતાથી વિચારી ચિંતન કરીએ.