Cellular Energy OOO-WEE-ATP We like it NOTE: ONLY WRITE DOWN THE SLIDES WITH THE BLACK BACKGROUND!!! THEY ARE A SUMMARY OF THE PREVIOUS SLIDES!!

All cells need energy. Energy is the ability to do work All cells need energy. Energy is the ability to do work. The most common type of energy that a cell uses is ATP or adenosine triphosphate. ATP contains the pentose sugar, ribose.

ATP also contain the nitrogenous base, adenine. This is the same base found in DNA and RNA.

Also attached to the ribose are three phosphate groups Also attached to the ribose are three phosphate groups. Notice the negative charges.

When objects have the same charge, they repel one another When objects have the same charge, they repel one another. This makes the bond between the phosphates very weak. The bonds are unstable. They are called high energy bonds.

Seldom is ATP shown with all the atoms quite often is symbolized as shown below. #1 #2

Seldom is ATP shown with all the atoms quite often is symbolized as shown below.

All cells need energy. Energy is the ability to do work All cells need energy. Energy is the ability to do work. The most common type of energy that a cell uses is ATP or adenosine triphosphate. ATP contains- (DRAW AND LABEL THE MOLECULE) -pentose sugar, ribose -nitrogenous base, adenine (same one in DNA and RNA -three phosphate groups with negative charges Objects having the same charge, repel one another. This makes the bond between the phosphates very weak and unstable. They are called high energy bonds. (LABEL THE HIGH ENERGY BONDS)

These phosphates can be used to do work These phosphates can be used to do work. When a phosphate is put on to another molecule, it destablilizes that molecule in other words, it gives that molecule energy. It increases the energy content of the molecule. When ATP loses a phosphate, it become ADP or adenosine diphosphate. ATP ->ADP + P

ATP is needed to make muscles move ATP is needed to make muscles move. Below is a muscle protein and how ATP is used to make it contract.

These phosphates do work These phosphates do work. When a phosphate is put on to another molecule, it destablilizes that molecule increases the energy content of the molecule. When ATP loses a phosphate, it becomes ADP or adenosine diphosphate. ATP ->ADP + P Example-ATP is needed to make muscles move.

Another way a cell uses energy is by moving hydrogen, and electrons around. Giving a molecule hydrogen, increases the energy content of that molecule . For example compare gasoline with carbon dioxide. Which has more energy? Now look at their molecular structure

Gasoline has more energy because it has more hydrogen Gasoline has more energy because it has more hydrogen. In the cell there are hydrogen carriers. These are molecules that transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another. Two important hydrogen carriers are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These molecules have the ability to gain or lose hydrogens and electrons. electrons.(nicotinamide adenine #3

Another way a cell uses energy is by moving hydrogen, and electrons around. Giving a molecule hydrogen, increases the energy content of that molecule . Gasoline has more energy than carbon dioxide because it has more hydrogen. In the cell there are hydrogen carriers. These are molecules that transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another. Two important hydrogen carriers are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These molecules have the ability to gain or lose hydrogens and electrons.

When NAD gains an electron and hydrogen it is called NADH and when NADP gains an electron and hydrogen it is called NADPH. Look at NAD and NADH and see where the extra hydrogen is

When NAD gains an electron and hydrogen it is called NADH and when NADP gains an electron and hydrogen it is called NADPH. Look at NAD and NADH and see where the extra hydrogen is.

Compare NADPH and NADP and determine what is the difference between these two hydrogen carriers.

NADPH and NADP determine what is the difference between these two hydrogen carriers. Notice that NADP has an extra phosphate group.

Here is an example of how NAD moves hydrogen around in the cell: #4

Hydrogen from PGAL has been transferred to NAD Hydrogen from PGAL has been transferred to NAD. PGAL, a triose, has more energy than DPGA, an acid. NADH had more energy than NAD.

In biology to oxidize a molecule, reduces the energy content of that molecule but to reduce a molecule increases the energy content of that molecule. Oxidized Reduce 1. Remove H 1. Add H 2. Remove e- 2. Add e- 3. Add oxygen 3.Remove oxygen

3. Add oxygen 3.Remove oxygen In biology to oxidize a molecule, reduces the energy content of that molecule but to reduce a molecule increases the energy content of that molecule. Oxidized Reduce 1. Remove H 1. Add H 2. Remove e- 2. Add e- 3. Add oxygen 3.Remove oxygen #5