Chapter 13 Disease and Parasitism -Black Death (14th Century) -Spanish flu (1918-19) -AIDS, mad-cow disease, Microparasites: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prion Macroparisites: large multicellular organism (e.g., tapeworm) Sublethal effect: reduce wellbeing without causing death

Chapter Opener ?

Effect of disease on individuals -clutch size of lizard: reproduction Fledgings of swallow with fumigation (nest parasites) Harbor seal: phocine distemper virus (95 % infected, more male >female death) -39 crows with radio transmitter: 68 % died from Nile West virus. 100 % death in lab. some developed resistance to this disease.

Figure 13-4

blood sucking ectoparasites Figure 13-5 2% 19% Birds that repeatedly use the same nest are particularly susceptible to blood sucking ectoparasites

Figure 13-6 Harbor seal (1988): phocine distemper virus- very rapid, high mortality

Figure 13-7 About 60 % killed Varberg Koster

39 crows with radio-transmitter in central Illinois Figure 13-8 39 crows with radio-transmitter in central Illinois Normally 5-10% in summer, in 2002 -68% West Nile Virus

Effect of disease on population - Need more study on population -brucellosis in Bison (Yellowstone National Park) about 60 % adult have antibodies to Brucella bacterium Critical treshold: 200 or larger bison: 부루셀라병 Rabies in wildlife : fox, wolves, coyote, skunk, racoon 55000 death of people/year

“contagious abortion” Figure 13-9 In female abortion “contagious abortion”

Figure 13-10 Rabies; record in BC 500 BC300 Aristotle

Figure 13-11 racoon, coyote Gray fox

Figure 13-12 Rabies cases in US Host shift unknown (Eastern USA)

Rabies Epizootic in eastern USA Figure 13-13 Rabies Epizootic in eastern USA

Figure 13-15 Vaccination of wild foxes using baits Switzerland (since 1978), Austria, Hungary