The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA                                        

Josip Broz Tito “Brotherhood and Unity”

Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia: 40% of urban couples ethnically mixed Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim

Key to the conflict World underestimated Milosevic purged moderates the power and violence of appeals to ethnicity and nationalism Milosevic purged moderates played upon old fears/animosities engaged in specific policies designed to perpetuate the fear and SEGREGATE the populations and REDRAW national boundaries to their own advantage specifically calculated the West’s inability/reluctance to get involved                                                                           

With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policy Fear precedent of break-up US and West was focused on Persian Gulf WEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

Which is a more appropriate goal? To protect state sovereignty? Borders? To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority Muslims (43.7%) Croats (17.3%) Serbs (31.4 %) The population consisted of large ethnic groups Linked to Serbia and Croatia Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?

IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE WAR

After Dayton Accords Before the War

BOSNIA Declares independence, too Bosnian Serbs declare an independent Serb state and lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

VUKOVAR Multi-ethnic city bordering Croatia and Serbia: city reduced from 50,000 to 15,000

Safe Areas: what were they supposed to be? Srebrenica, Tuzla, Zepa, Sarajevo, Gorazde

SARAJEVO BEFORE THE WAR

The Sarajevo Shuffle

Market Bombings that Finally Touch the World