Definition A confined space is: Large enough to enter and perform work Limited in the way of entry or exit Not designed for continuous occupancy Report Errors to Management 1a

Definition of a Permit-Required-Confined-Space Actual or potential hazardous atmosphere Materials could engulf entrant Internal shape could trap entrant Contains other serious hazards 1b Report Errors to Management

Practices and procedures Before a Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be accessed, it is necessary to: Conduct hazard evaluations Post danger signs Develop a permit space program Report Errors to Management 1c

Practices and Procedures Entry into a Permit-Required-Confined-Space is not a one person job. It requires a team of individuals who work together and have the knowledge and skills necessary to complete the job safely. It requires the designation of qualified: Authorized entrants Attendant It requires the availability of rescue equipment and trained rescue operators Report Errors to Management 2a

Practices and Procedures A Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified into a Non-Permit-Confined- Space: Provided the space can be maintained in a safe condition for entry by mechanical ventilation alone. All confined spaces shall be considered Permit- Required-Confined-Spaces until a pre-entry checklist has been completed to demonstrate otherwise. Report Errors to Management 2a

Practices and Procedures The Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified: If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards, And if all hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space Then, the Permit-Required-Space may be reclassified as a Non-Permit-Space. If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be performed under a Permit-Required-Confined-Space procedure. Report Errors to Management 2a

Practices and Procedures The following is CSP’s approach to dealing with confined space entries: CSP does not posses the infrastructure, technical, or trained people to manage Permit-Required-Confined- Space Entries CSP applies a combination of procedures described above to re-classify the confined space to a Non- Permit-Confined-Space 2a Report Errors to Management

Practices and Procedures CSP has several spaces that require entry permit. A re-classification procedure must be followed before the following spaces spaces can be entered: All storage tanks The main pit The cooling tower basins The outdoors hypo and acid secondary containment pits The sludge pit under the brine filter Report Errors to Management

Role of an attendant Monitor entrants from outside the space Know the hazards that could be faced Understand behavioral effects of exposure Maintain an accurate count of entrants Communicate with entrants as necessary Monitor activities inside and outside space Know how to summon rescue services Protect the permit space Perform non-entry rescues Do not allow unauthorized workers to enter Report Errors to Management 2b

Permit system Permit is posted prior to entry Entry attendant can cancel permit Entry attendant can terminate entry Report Errors to Management 4c

Entry requirements Availability of certification and documentation Pre-entry observations Periodic air monitoring observations 5c Report Errors to Management

Permit space reclassification Does not pose any atmospheric hazards All hazards are eliminated without entry Entry supervisor evaluates conditions Attendant obtains entry permit Attendant ensures information is complete Attendant ensures permit is signed 6a Report Errors to Management

Permit space reclassification The Permit must contain: Date Location of the space Signature of person reclassifying space Names of entrants Names of attendants Name of supervisor Signature of supervisor 6b Report Errors to Management

Risks of Confined Spaces Oxygen deficiency Minimum safe level is 19.5 percent Maximum safe level is 23.5 percent Gases displace oxygen Chemical reactions consume oxygen 7c Report Errors to Management

Risks of Confined Spaces Combustibility Flammable and combustible gases or vapors are present Hazardous atmospheres contain more than 10 percent of lower flammable limit Toxicity Occurs from previously stored material Result from coatings, cleaning solvents, or preservatives Detection is difficult Report Errors to Management 7d

Risks of Confined Spaces Engulfment Water or other liquids Grain Sand Sawdust Powders Report Errors to Management 7f

Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces Understanding the behaviors people may exhibit while working in a permit-required confined space is critical. Report Errors to Management 8a

Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces Asphyxiation: Mild changes Collapse Too much oxygen: Coughing Fainting Rapid breathing Report Errors to Management 8b

Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces Fatigue: Tiredness Weakness Irritability Indecisive Uncommunicative Unable to recall details Effects that may exacerbate behavioral issues Heat Noise Maintaining a cramped position Report Errors to Management 8d

Attendant responsibilities Attendants must: Maintain accurate count of entrants Use roster or other tracking system Visually identify entrants Monitor activities inside and outside space Remain outside space during entry Be trained and equipped for rescues and relieved by another attendant before entering space (Permitted-Required-Confined-Space) Communicate with entrants Alert entrant of evacuation Report Errors to Management 9a

Attendant responsibilities Conditions for immediate evacuation: Conditions of confined space become hazardous Behavioral effects are detected Conditions of outside confined space become hazardous Duties cannot be performed safely Evacuation alarm is activated Signs of cave in Report Errors to Management 11b