Legislative Branch – Congressional Committee System

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Congressional Committees

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Presentation transcript:

Legislative Branch – Congressional Committee System Unit II – Part 6

Nonexistent from 1789 to 1810 Entire House and Senate making all decisions in open session Assignment of congressional decisions to select committees Creation of legal details of final decisions

Reasons for permanent standing committees (1810) Necessity of specialization Increase in the congressional workload Proposing and drafting legislation Hearings Markup of legislation Point by point review of proposed bills Jurisdiction over policy Handling of matters for a specific area of specialization Reviewing and screening of policy proposals Majority vote to advance bill to floor

Decrease in the number of standing committees with the Legislative Reorganization Act (1946) Senate Committees (sixteen) – 107th Congress Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works

Finance Foreign Relations Governmental Affairs Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Judiciary Labor and Human Resources Rules and Administration Small Business Veteran’s Affairs

House Committees (nineteen) -107th Congress Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Financial Services Government Reform House Administration International Relations Judiciary

Resources Rules Science Small Business Standards of Official Conduct Transportation and Infrastructure Veteran’s Affairs Ways and Means

Joint Senate and House standing committees (four) Economic Taxation Library Printing

Establishment of select committees to study special issues Committee on Intelligence Committee on Ethics Committee on Indian Affairs Committee on Aging Increase in the number of subcommittees Assistance to the standing committees Often more powerful than the standing committees

Committee Membership Division of committee majority and minority parties roughly in proportion to percentage of representation in Congress Distribution of committee assignments by Committee on Committees

Committee membership Specialization in legislative interests by membership More important in House than Senate Deference to committees Limitations on floor attacks on committee proposals General acceptance of committee judgments

Committee Staffs Duties Assignment of clerical and record-keeping roles with the Legislative Reorganization Act (1946) Researching policy positions Organization of hearings Arrangements for witnesses Preparation of questions Drafting of committee reports to accompany bills Clarification of intent of proposed laws

Conference Committees Purpose Development of compromise between House and Senate versions of bills Membership Temporary assignment of representatives and senators Specialists on topic of the bill and/or members of relevant standing committee

Reforms Abolition of committee seniority system Strengthening of subcommittee system with Subcommittee Bill of Rights (1973) Creation of seniority system for appointment of House subcommittee chairs Reduction in subcommittee chair’s powers of control over committee budget, staff resources, and referral of bills

Reforms Results of reforms Decentralization of power Increase in independence and power of committee members