Computer Systems – Unit 1 This unit covers the following topics: Data Representation Computer Structure Peripherals Networking Computer Software

Data Representation The method of data representation in a computer system depends upon the type of data which is being used. Three types of data are considered at this stage: 1. Numbers 2. Text 3. Graphics

The Binary System Regardless of the type of data, all data is ultimately stored as binary numbers. Two-state machine A computer is known as a two state machine because the processing and storage have two states only. “On” or “Off” On – 1 Off – 0

Why Binary? The computer is a two-state (binary) machine. All components inside a computer and all backing storage devices have only two states. e.g. a switch is “on” or “off” a transistor conducts or does not conduct a signal is a pulse of electricity or no pulse an area of magnetic disk is positive or negative a laser can direct in two different directions

Advantages of Binary Less arithmetic rules need to be built into the computer, making calculations simpler. e.g. only four rules: 0 + 0 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 1 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 0 carry 1 2. Less chance of signal degradation as each line carries a voltage or no voltage. 3. Two states are easy to represent in storage devices. e.g. the presence or absence of a pit on the surface of a CD-ROM.

Units used in binary Remember the units used in the binary system. 1 byte = 8 bits 1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes 1 Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes 1 Gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes 1 Terabyte = 1024 Gigabytes 2048 Kilobytes = ? 3 Gigabytes = ? A. 1024 Megabytes A. 24 Terabytes B. 1 Gigabyte ☺ B. 3072 Megabytes ☺ C. 2 Megabytes C. 24 Kilobytes D. 4096 bytes D. 3072 Terabytes

Converting between units Recap Questions Gary uses a 2Gb memory stick to store is music. How many 4.5Mb Mp3 files can Gary store on his stick? 2 Gb = 2048/4.5 = 455 mp3’s 2. Calculate the file size of this black and white image. 700 * 1200 = 840000/8 = 105000 bytes = 102.5 Kb 1200 pixels 700 pixels

Representing Numbers Numbers are classified as real numbers or integers. Real Numbers (single) All numbers including whole and fractional. e.g. 3.575 Integer Numbers Whole numbers that can be positive or negative. e.g. -18, -98

Representing Numbers (Positive Integers) When numbers are represented electronically, the base number is 2. Convert binary numbers to decimal numbers 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Convert the following 8 bit binary numbers: 1. 11001011 2. 01110010 3. 00000011 4. 11001101 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Convert decimal to binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 104 – binary 88 – binary 47 – binary

Examples 1. 79 2. 35 3. 99 4. 103 Answers 01001111 00100011 01100011 01100111

Representing Numbers (Negative Integers)

Two’s Compliment This is when the negative of a number is obtained. Steps Find the positive binary number Change the 1’s to 0 and the 0’s to 1 Add 1 Example -35 Positive 35 = 00100011 Change the numbers = 11011100 Add 1 = 1101100 1 -35 = 11011101

Floating Point Representation Positive numbers – Positive Numbers can be converted directly to their equivalent binary number. Negative numbers - Two’s Complement Real Numbers (decimal point) and very large numbers - Floating Point Representation

M - Mantissa (actual number) Floating Point Representation is when two parts are used to store a number. M * base M - Mantissa (actual number) E - Exponent (power to which the base is raised) e

Range The range of numbers that can be stored depends on the number of bits being used.

If you increase the exponent then you increase the range of numbers. Precision The more bits the more precise the mantissa will be. If there is not enough bits set aside for the mantissa the system has to round it down losing precision.

Representing Text Each character has a unique 8 bit ASCII code associated with it and this code is converted into binary before being stored. To store all the characters on a keyboard only 7 bits are needed but very often 8 bits are used. 2^7 = 128 different characters 2^8 = 256 different characters – extended ASCII which allows additional characters.

Character Set The set of characters represented by a computer. All numbers, letters and symbols. Control Characters ASCII characters that do not print on the screen in the normal way. There are 32 special characters, for example, Space bar, return, tab, cursor up

The increase in worldwide communication led to a need for a larger standard code to cope with other foreign alphabets, technical symbols etc. Unicode Designed to represent the writing schemes of all of the world’s major languages. Unicode is a 16 bit code and can represent 65536 different characters. Applications such as Office use Unicode in document files. Mobile phones use Unicode to support all the different symbols.

Unicode ASCII Advantage Can store 65536 characters which can represent world wide languages Only 8 bit code which takes up less storage than Unicode Disadvantage A 16 bit code which will take up more memory 2^8 which represents only 256 characters

Bit-mapped and Vector graphics Representing Graphics An image can be stored in memory in two ways: Bit-mapped and Vector graphics Bit-Mapped An image on a computer screen is made up of tiny dots called pixels. (Picture element) Each pixel can be “on” or “off” depending whether the value of the pixel in the computers memory is 1 or 0. (Black & White)

Small pixels = high resolution Large pixels = low resolution Problem!! Graphic Resolution The smaller the size of pixels the finer the detail that can be displayed on screen. Small pixels = high resolution Large pixels = low resolution Problem!! Increasing the resolution will increase the storage requirements of the image.

Features of a Bit Mapped Image Bit mapped packages paint pictures by changing the colour of the pixels which make up the screen display. A commonly known package used for bit mapped is a paint package.

Does not take advantage of resolutions. Advantages of Bit-Mapped Each pixel can be changed individually i.e. colour Edit a bit mapped graphic by deleting pixels anywhere on the image. Disadvantages of Bit-Mapped Bit-Mapped images require a large amount of storage space, as every pixel is stored including white space. Does not take advantage of resolutions. Once they are enlarged to much, they look unnatural and blocky. But reducing a picture too much also has a bad influence as it looses sharpness.

Features of Vector Images Object is represented by a series of object attributes. It stores a description of the objects that make up the image. It stores mathematical definitions of: The shape of graphic objects Their position on the screen Their attribute such as fill, line colour, pattern The value of each of the objects attributes are stored in memory as binary.

Advantages of vector images Take up less storage space Do not lose their quality when resized Objects can be grouped to form larger objects Images are resolution independent. The picture will be printed out at the full resolution available on the printer. Disadvantages of vector images User cannot edit individual pixels Complex objects with many layers can demand a lot of storage space.

Bit Depth Refers to the number of bits needed to represent the colour of each pixel. Greyscale simply means shades of grey and so each shade needs its own code. 1-Bit 2 Colours 2-Bits 4 Colours 8-Bits 256 Colours 16-Bit 65536 Colours 24-Bit 16 Million Colours (true colour) Increasing the number of colours that are available increases the size of the code for each colour.

How much memory will the following screen require (Black & white) Calculating Memory How much memory will the following screen require (Black & white) 80 pixels 36 pixels Calculate the total number of pixels Multiply by the number of bits per pixel Divide by 8 (to change into bytes) Example 1 36 x 80 = 2880 pixels 2880 bits/8= 360 bytes

How much memory will the following screen require (Colour) Calculating Memory How much memory will the following screen require (Colour) An image is 640 x 200 and has a colour depth of 16 bits. What is the storage requirements of this image? 640 pixels 200 pixels = 640 * 200 * 16 =

Calculation storage requirements for a single image 7 pixels 5 pixels An image is 7 x 5 pixels, and each pixel can display 65536 different colours.

Calculate the following Question 1 Calculate the storage requirements of an image with 4 x 6 inches, has a resolution of 800 dpi and each pixel can display 256 different colours. Question 2 Calculate the storage requirements of an image with 8 x 12 inches, has a resolution of 1200 dpi and each pixel can display 65536 different colours. Question 3 An A4 image, at 10 x 8 inches, has to be scanned at 300 dpi in 65536 colours. Calculate the storage requirements.

Image Compression Images using 24-bit colour graphics will be of an extremely high standard. Images using 24-bit colour can require several megabytes of memory for storage and can take time to transmit across a network. File compression can be used to reduce storage requirements. The result looks unchanged to the human eye.

Compression cont… A process that reduces the number of bytes required to define an image in order to save disk space or transmission time. Compression is achieved by replacing commonly occurring sequences of pixels with shorter codes. Solves the problem by: Reducing the file size Reducing the time taken to transmit the file across a network

Types of Compression There are two types of compression: Lossless Compression & Lossy Compression A lossless compression method reduces the size of the image with no lost information. The decompressed image is exactly the same as the original image. No data is discarded. GIF is an example of lossless compression. How does it work? Uses an algorithm to store patterns of bits that occur repeatedly throughout the graphic.

Lossy Compression Refers to data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. Lossy compression technologies attempt to eliminate redundant or unnecessary information. JPEG is an example of this type if compression.