L23B: Sociolinguistics 2005-2006 Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers L23B Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l23b 12/5/2018

Course Assessment Incourse Test (40% of total grade) TEST DATE: MONDAY, APRIL 3, 2006 (2-4pm) Final Exam (60% of total grade) 12/5/2018

Topics for this Session Brief Review Language Change cont’d Theories 12/5/2018

Language change in progress Examples of Researches Chambers & Trudgill (1980) Labov’s work - Martha’s Vineyard –Wardhaugh (pg.197) Trudgill’s work in Norwich 12/5/2018

Martha’s Vineyard Variables (Diphthongs): (aw) variable – [a] vs. [] eg. house, out (ay) variable – [a] vs. [] eg. While, pie, night 12/5/2018

Martha’s Vineyard Labov’s findings: change initiated by fisherman [occupation] change was picked up and imitated particular by people aged 30-45 [age] change more typical in Chilmark [residence]. 12/5/2018

Language Change Related to: Age Social Class Gender 12/5/2018

Women’s language (Lakoff, Cameron) Lexical hedges & Fillers Tag questions Rising Tones on Declaratives Empty adjectives Precise Colour terms Intensifiers Over-use of Standard, Polite terms 12/5/2018

THEORIES developed to account for variation & change Social Networks Accommodation Theory Acts of Identity Ideology & language use 12/5/2018

Sources 1. Social Network Prescribed Text ch. 16, Wardhaugh (pg.127-130, 180-183), Holmes (pg.183-191). 2.    Acts of Identity LePage (on reserve), Prescribed Text ch. 20. 3.    Accommodation Theory Prescribed Text ch. 18, Holmes (pg. 230-234). 4. Language and Ideology Prescribed Text ch. 6, Woolard (available at DITTO). 12/5/2018

Social Networks Lesley Milroy research in Ireland (1980) Clonard, Hammer & Ballymacarret geographically defined industrial/residential areas non-standard would be the norm 12/5/2018

Milroy - Ireland Milroy wanted to find out if informants were: (a) members of a working club group? (b) had any relatives living in the community? (c) worked similar places with at least 2 members of the community? 12/5/2018

Networks 2 main distinctions: Networks can be Dense (closed) or sparse (open) Network ties may be multiplex or uniplex 12/5/2018

Networks close knit networks will create value for variety of network close knit networks will create a counter balance/ “resistance” those with loose network ties will be more susceptible to change gender difference –in language production hence difference in networks.   12/5/2018

Social Networks MILROY & MILROY (1992) network strength “to the extent that ties are strong, linguistic change will be prevented, whereas to the extent that they are weak, they will be more open to external influences and so linguistic change will be facilitated” 12/5/2018