“Radial categories of constructions” Laura A. Janda University of Tromsø (laura.janda@hum.uit.no; http://hum.uit.no/lajanda) University of North Carolina (janda@unc.edu; http://www.unc.edu/~lajanda)

The purpose of this talk is to illustrate: Construction grammar for a language with case marking (Russian) How constructions are related to each other within a language How impersonal constructions are integrated into the network of constructions Should I pursue this further, write an article about the radial category of constructions in a case language?

Overview 1. Construction grammar 2. Case meaning in Russian 3. Radial category of constructions 4. Three types of impersonal constructions 5. How constructions are related to each other 6. How relationships influence meaning of constructions

1. Construction Grammar Goldberg 2006: “All levels of grammatical analysis involve constructions: learned pairings of form with semantic or discourse function” (5) A construction can imply meaning unspecified by any particular word or morpheme in the construction (8) “Both generalizations and instances are stored” (55) “our knowledge of linguistic constructions … forms an integrated and motivated network” (227) Essentially compatible with Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar and Croft’s (2001) Radical Construction Grammar

What this talk contributes to Construction Grammar Shows how constructions (and their near-relatives) can contribute meaning that is not “in the words” Shows how constructions are related to each other in radial category Shows how impersonal “idioms” are integrated into system of constructions

2. Case meaning in Russian Six cases: Nominative (N) Accusative (A) Dative (D) Instrumental (I) Genitive (G) Locative (L) Relatively free word order If N is present, the verb (V) agrees with it If N is presumed to exist but not expressed, it has 3pl agreement (‘they’) If N is absent, V has default (neuter 3sg, ‘it’) agreement Case meaning provides much of the structure for constructions in a case language like Russian

“Bare case” meanings for the four cases we will focus on: PPs can use all six cases (these four, plus Nominative and Locative) Accusative: a destination Dative: a receiver, an experiencer, a competitor Instrumental: a means, a label Genitive: a source, a goal Verbs can govern all four of these cases Often the same verb or one verb and a near-synonym can govern both the Accusative and another case (Dative, Instrumental, or Genitive)

3. Radial category of constructions Prototypical construction is Langacker’s (1991: 286) canonical event Network contains only salient active indicative non-copular constructions Blends of these constructions are often possible Lines mark transitions, which are minimal syntactic differences (addition, removal or change in syntactic components) Not all transitions between constructions are marked Impersonal constructions are possible in all parts of the network; strongest impersonals are marked with dotted boxes

Russian active indicative constructions V + I A syntactic combination may represent 1 or more constructions N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G See examples on handout

4. Three types of impersonal constructions Strong Impersonals – 3sg default agr Dative modal constructions Raw force constructions Mild Impersonals – 3pl agr for elided ‘they’ 3. All personal constructions can be converted to mild impersonals

Strong Impersonal constructions V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G Verbs are 3sg neuter (default) Raw force impersonals Dative modal constructions

“Mild” impersonal constructions N assumed but not expressed V + I (N) +V+A V+A V+A+I (N)+V+A+I (N)+V+I D+V+A (N)+V+A+D D+V (N)+V+D (N)+V (N)+V+PP (N)+V+G Verbs are 3pl See examples on handout (N) = ‘they’ or ‘people’

5. How constructions are related to each other Minimal syntactic differences in adjacent constructions Minimal differences in case marking for same argument in adjacent constructions Same or similar verb possible in adjacent constructions All three types of relationships follow the same network of transitions marked by lines in the radial category (diagram insuff) A given transition in the radial category may have one, two or all three types of relationships Transitions closer to the prototype tend to show more relationships

Minimal differences in case marking for same argument in adjacent constructions Object: A or PP or G or D or I Temporal Adverbial: A or PP or I (Logical) Subject: N or D Experiencer: A or D

Object: A or PP or G or D or I V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G

Temporal Adverbial: A or PP or I V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G

(Logical) Subject: N or D V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G

Experiencer: A or D V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G

Same or similar verb possible in adjacent constructions Involves all of the minimal differences in case marking, plus the following N+V+A – N+V+A+D N+V+A+D – N+V+D N+V+PP – N+V N+V+A – V+A V+A – V+A+I N+V+A+I – V+A+I N+V+A – N+V+A+I N+V+I – N+V+A+I N+V+I – V+I N+V+A – D+V+A N+V – N+V+I

Same or similar verb in adjacent constructions V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G

6. How relationships influence meaning of constructions What’s the difference between: Devušku ubilo [Girl-A killed] ‘A/the girl was killed’ Devušku ubili [Girl-A killed] ‘A/the girl was killed’ Why can’t you say: *Devušku ubilo soldatami [Girl-A killed soldiers-I] *‘A/the girl was killed by the soldiers’

V+A+I is surrounded by constructions in which I is an instrument; has no relationship to constructions where I is an agent V + I (N)+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G N+Vpass+I

So what do you think? Should I pursue this? V + I N+V+A V+A V+A+I N+V+A+I N+V+I D+V+A N+V+A+D D+V N+V+D N+V N+V+PP N+V+G