بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم یا من اسمه دوا وذکره شفا.

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Presentation transcript:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم یا من اسمه دوا وذکره شفا

pain

درد:. یک تجربۀ حسی وهیجانی ناخوشایند که همراه باآسیب بافتی حقیقی یا بالقوه می باشد رسپتوری که به تحریکات دردناک حساس می باشد بنام nociceptorگویند. فیبرهای هدایت کنندۀ درد : Aدلتا (میلینه) درد حاد C(بدون میلین) دردکند

درد: Nociceptive (1 - ویسرال(دردمبهم-ناگهانی-کولیکی) - سوماتیک(لوکالیزه-مداوم-شارپ) Neuropathic (2 بعلت تغیرات پاتولوﮊیک درسیستم عصبی محیطی یا مرکزی وبصورت سوزشی وبرق گرفتگی می باشد

عوارض ناشی ازدرد بعدازعمل: عوارض حاد: - تحریک دردناکپاسخهای نرواندوکراین(ترشح کاتاکولامین وتن سمپاتیک -  هورمونهای کاتابولیک وهورمونهای آنابولیک وبالانس منفی نیتروﮊن) - هیپرکواگولوپاتی(DVT) - مهار ایمنی- هیپر گلیسمی(تاخیر بهبودزخم) - تحریک سمپاتیک مصرف2O میوکارد - ایلیوس

... دنباله عوارض ناشی ازدرد بعدازعمل: - تحریک دردناکمهار عصب فرنیک توسط رفلکسهای نخاعی  فعالیت ریوی - عدم کنترل درد نکشیدن تنفسهای عمیق-سرفه ناکافی ودرنهایت عوارض ریوی اثرات مزمن: تسکین ناکافی درد حاد فاکتور مهم مستعد کننده بیمار به درد مزمن می باشد درد مزمن پس ازاعمال زیر شایع است اعمال جراحی پستان-توراکس-هرنیورافی-آمپوتاسیون و کیسه صفرا

Preemptive anaalgesia centeral hypersensetizationوhyperexitability متعاقب انسزیون جراحی منجر به تشدیددردبعدازعمل میشود با پیشگیری ازدردقبل ازانسزیون جراحی(intra op) وپیشگیری ازپاسخهای التهابی بعدازعمل(post op)میتوان باعث کاهش دردبعدازعمل وپیشگیری ازدردمزمن کرد

Multimodal sterategy

Treatment method systemic: opioid and nonopioid راههای تجویزمخدر Regional: neuroaxial and peripheral

Systemic analgesaic technique Opioid:

Intravenous patient-controlled-analgesi (PCA) -bolus -lockout interval -background infusion

Nonopioid analgesics -nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs: inhibition of cyclooxigenase(COX1,2,3) and synthesis of PG Side effect : Decrease hemostase Renal dysfunction GI bleeding bone healing bronchospasm -ketamine:(low dose) -tramadol: Synthetic opioid with weak μ agonist

Regional analgesic techniques Neuroaxial Peripheral technique

Singel dose neuraxial opioid: lipophilic(fentanyl) hydrophilic(morphin

Continuous epidural analgesia: Analgesic drugs: - opioid - local anesthetic - local anesthetic+opioid LA:bupivacain≤0.125%(differential block) levobupivacain ropivacain≤0.2% Opioid:fentanyl 2-5μg/ml morphine 0.05-0.1 mg/ml Adjuvent: clonidine-EP

Side effect of neuroaxial analgesic drugs هیپوتانسیون بلوک حرکتی تهوع واستفراغ خارش دپرسیون تنفسی احتباس ادراری

Patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) Lower drug use Grater patient satisfaction Superior analgesia lipoohilic opioid usually chosen LA+opioid= improved analgesia,minimized side effect(respiratory depression,motor block)

فواید بی دردی اپی دورال: گوارشی ریوی قلبی خطرات بی دردی یدورال: هماتوم اپی دورال عفونت

Peripheral regional analgesia 1- thoracic or non epidural analgesia Para vertebral block Inter costal block Inter pleural block Cryoanalgesia 2-intra articular analgesia

Other technique Trans cutaneous nerve stimulation(TENS) Acupancture Psychologic approch