The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Functional Groups

Introductory Terms Macromolecule = “giant” molecule of living matter Monomer = _____________________________________ Example: Lego block Polymer = monomers linked together Example: Lego castle

Macromolecular Reactions  Dehydration Synthesis: 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water Hydrolysis: __________________________________________

Carbohydrates Structure: Functions: C:H:O in a 1:2:1 Ratio Example: ___________ Functions: Short-term energy storage Pasta dinner before the big race, game, etc. Structural Support

Carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O 1:2:1 ratio Monomer=glucose ____________________

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: “one sugar” C:H:O Ratio = 1:2:1 Carbon backbone with at least two OH- and aldehyde or ketone Glucose (C6H12O6) is a monosaccharide

Carbohydrates Disaccharides: _______________ 2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Polymers in which a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides are linked together ________________________________________

Carbohydrates Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose Chitin Major component of plant cell walls _____________________________________________ Fiber! Chitin Used by arthropods to build exoskeletons _____________

Lipids Structure: Functions: Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Do not dissolve in water Functions: Long-term energy storage Chemical messengers (hormones) Insulation Waxes

Lipids Contain C, H, and O ratio greater than 2:1 In chains and contain COOH at end Monomer= triglycerides

Lipids Fats ____________________________ Fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group C-H bonds responsible for hydrophobia of fats

Lipids Fats Saturated Fat = _____________ Saturated with hydrogen Unsaturated Fat = double bonds Not saturated with hydrogen

Lipids Phospholipids ____________________________ Instead of 3rd fatty acid, they have a phosphate group Major component of cell membrane

Lipids Sterols Made up of 4 interconnected rings No fatty acids Examples: Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen

Proteins *** Most of a cell is made up of proteins Instrumental in almost everything organisms do Structure: All proteins are created from unique combinations of 20 different amino acids C,H,O,N Major Functions: ______________ Defense (antibodies)

Proteins Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S ___________________________ Structure contains NH2 and COOH Function: antibodies, enzymes, non-steroid hormones, structure, and membranes

Proteins Amino Acids ____________________________________________________________ Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups 20 types of AAs that make up 1000s of different proteins AAs are linked together by peptide bonds

Amino Acids

Proteins A protein is one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded and coiled into a molecule of unique shape (3-D) 4 Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure Polypeptide chains Linked amino acids

Proteins local folding of residues into regular patterns Secondary Structure: local folding of residues into regular patterns Hydrogen bonds Coil Pattern

Proteins ___________________________________ Tertiary Structure: ___________________________________ Folding due location of certain amino acids

Proteins Higher-order assembly of proteins Quaternary Structure: Higher-order assembly of proteins combination of two or more chains Quaternary are either fibrous or globular Globular-round shape Fibrous-longs strands

Proteins Denaturation: When pH, salt concentration, temperature, and/or other environmental factors are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its shape ________________ Structure + function

Nucleic Acids Structure Function DNA and RNA Made up of long chains of nucleotides sugar, phosphate group, and base Function ________________________________________________________ DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid Contains C, H, O, Nitrogen base, P, and a sugar Monomer=nucleotides Look for phosphate group to identify along with sugar ring Two types: DNA and RNA

Nucleotide Bases __________ Guanine ________ Cytosine