Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy The effects of ketogenic diet on the Th17/Treg cells imbalance in patients with intractable childhood epilepsy  Fen-Fen Ni, Cheng-Rong Li, Jian-Xiang Liao, Guo-Bing Wang, Su-Fang Lin, Yu Xia, Jia-Lun Wen  Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy  Volume 38, Pages 17-22 (May 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006 Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Proportion of circulating Th17 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in patients with intractable epilepsy. In 14 control patients (Ctrl) and 28 patients with intractable epilepsy before (IE) and after (IE-KD) ketogenic diet, cell populations in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. (A) Proportion of Th17 cells in total CD3+ T cells. (B) Proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. (C) Proportion of Th17 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs cells. Data are shown as mean±SD. Characteristics of the Ctrl and IE-KD populations were compared with IE using one-way ANOVA. *P<.05. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 38, 17-22DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Expression of Th17 transcription factor and Tregs associating factors. In 14 control patients (Ctrl) and 28 patients with intractable epilepsy before (IE) and after (IE-KD) ketogenic diet expression of Th17 transcription factors and Treg-associated factors were measured by real-time PCR, and expressed normalized to GAPDH, an endogenous reference gene. Data are shown as mean±SD. Characteristics of the Ctrl and IE-KD populations were compared with IE using one-way ANOVA. *P<.05. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 38, 17-22DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Expression of mTOR and HIF-1α. In 14 control patients (Ctrl) and 28 patients with intractable epilepsy before (IE) and after (IE-KD) ketogenic diet expression of mTOR and HIF-1α were measured in purified CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− T cells by real-time PCR, and expressed normalized to GAPDH, an endogenous reference gene. Data are shown as mean±SD. Characteristics of the Ctrl and IE-KD populations were compared with IE using one-way ANOVA. *P<.05. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 38, 17-22DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Plasma cytokine IL-17A concentrations in patients with IP. In 14 control patients (Ctrl) and 28 patients with intractable epilepsy before (IE) and after (IE-KD) ketogenic diet plasma cytokine IL-17A concentrations were measured by cytometric bead array assay. Data are shown as mean±SD. Characteristics of the Ctrl and IE-KD populations were compared with IE using one-way ANOVA. *P<.05. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 38, 17-22DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions