The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation College of Music University of North Texas June 9, 10 & 11, 2005

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II What is voice? 25% have occupations with essential voice use (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991) 14,000,000 sales 5,000,000 teachers 2,000,000 food servers Attorneys, clergy, receptionists, etc. Our voices define us. They are unique, one of a kind. Used for security purposes. We rely upon it in so many ways. Here are some examples of voices we may know, and some we don’t that suggest how varied and interesting the voice can be. 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation What is voice? 25% have occupations with essential voice use (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991) 4,000,000 public safety workers How does it work? What do I need to know to help develop vocal athletes? Our voices define us. They are unique, one of a kind. Used for security purposes. We rely upon it in so many ways. Here are some examples of voices we may know, and some we don’t that suggest how varied and interesting the voice can be. 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation The Vocal Tract Trachea/Lungs Larynx Pharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation The Vocal Tract Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II - Phonation The Larynx Biological Function Protects the airway Swallowing Coughing 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II - Phonation The Larynx Phonatory Function Provides Acoustic Excitation for Voice Source is like a ‘siren’, not a string An aerodynamic/myoelastic oscillator Like a lip buzz! 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II - Phonation The Larynx The Structure of the Larynx is: Cartilaginous Muscular Multi-layered Mainly hyaline cart. That is soft and pliable in youth and calcifies as we age. Combination of slow and fast twitch muscles that give us speed and endurance. The multi layered structure of the vocal folds has been the Rosetta Stone in understanding voice illness and care. 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II - Phonation Laryngeal Framework Cricoid Cartilage Thyroid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilages (2) Epiglottis Hyoid Bone Show the Blue Tree program here. 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II - Phonation The Laryngeal Muscles All muscles derive their name from the two laryngeal cartilages to which they attach. Intrinsic All control the length, tension or position of the vocal folds (vf) All but 1 are paired 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (cont.) Tensors/Relaxors – elongate or shorten the vf Abductors – ‘take away’ the vf, opening the glottis Adductors – bring the vf together, closing the glottis 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (cont.) Cricothyroids: paired – the “Pitch” muscles Thyroarytenoids: paired – the “Register” muscles Posterior Cricoarytenoids – the “Breathing” muscles 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Intrinsic Muscles: (cont.) Lateral Cricoarytenoids – the “Squeeze” muscles Interarytenoids – the “Whisper” muscles 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles The position of the larynx in the neck has everything to do with the fundamental quality and function of the voice. The ‘comfortably low’ laryngeal posture is a hallmark of the well produced voice used for traditional musical styles. This does not usually happen without specific training. 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Suprahyoids: Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid geniohyoid 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

THe Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Infrahyoids Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid thyrohyoid 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

THe Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Vocal Folds A complex, multi-layered structure Muscle with a loose, pliable cover called the lamina propria 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

THe Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Vocal Folds Described by Hirano Revolutionized voice care Completed theory on vf vibration 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Vocal Folds – a 5 layer structure Consists of Mucosa – outer skin of squamous epithelium Lamina Propria Superficial layer – Reinke’s space Intermediate layer Deep layer – these two form the ligament Body – Vocalis muscle 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Vocal Folds – a 5 layer structure The loose cover allows quasi-independent movement of the top and bottom sections “Vertical phase difference” Each section opens and closes as a result of changing air pressures and elasticity of the tissue 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Phonatory Cycle Pressure separates the folds – bottom first vf are blown apart Elasticity brings them back to midline Bottom of the vf closes first Top of the vf follows (verticle phase) 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Pitch Change Cricothyroid elongates the vf Tension increases, pitch goes up Vocalis shortens vf Tension decreases, pitch goes down 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session II – Phonation Loudness Change Increased subglottal pressure blows vf further apart, loudness increases Singers must learn to compensate for this in decreasing the CT tension 12/5/2018 The University of North Texas