Chapter 1 Section 1

Focus Question When do you need to have your piece of paper with your parent/guardians signature turned into me?

The Renaissance in Italy Renaissance- Time of creativity and great changes in: politics, social structure, economic settings, and cultural elements Was a rebirth of ideas Transition from the medieval time period to the modern time period Began studying the humanities Began in Northern Italy Quickly spread through Europe Countries “westernized”

Renaissance Art Popes, Patrons, and Royals supported the arts and humanities Art Humanism Colorful Lifelike Architecture Columns, arches, domes Very clean and fresh Artist Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Donatello

Writing for a New Society Italian writers also had to change their ways of thinking People wanted to read about the “real world” People during the Renaissance were constantly changing. Beliefs, virtues, ideas, etc… Book of the Courtier Describes manners, skills, virtues Differed from men and women Renaissance was a time for people to find themselves

Section 2

Focus Question Where did the Renaissance Begin, name three things that changed during the Renaissance?

Renaissance in the North 1400 Europe begins looking at Italy's Renaissance Recovering from the Black Death People needed something to believe in Printing Press 1455 Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press First book printed was the bible Printing revolution begins Changed the world Bible printed in multiple vernaculars (languages)

Renaissance Printing Press Changed Europe Northern Renaissance Print was now cheaper and affordable for all classes Literacy increased in Europe Knowledge about medicine improved through education Europe became more educated as a whole Northern Renaissance Also known as the European Renaissance Began in Flanders (France)

Northern Renaissance Northern Region helped spread the Renaissance Stressed education and morality In this time most people wrote in Latin was the language of the Church People began printing in their Vernacular Appealed to the middle and lower classes Erasmus Humanist and priest who wrote multiple bibles in multiple languages Thomas More Wrote Utopia (Ideal Society) Shakespeare Shakespeare was printed in multiple languages around the world Changed the printing world for the Arts Wrote about the common people and real world struggles

Section 3

How did the Printing Press change the lives of people? Focus Question How did the Printing Press change the lives of people?

Starting Questions Who was Johann Guttenberg? What was the book of Utopia? Who was Erasmus?

The Protestant Reformation 1500’s Protestants were unhappy with the Church Renaissance brought about changes for Protestants Looked for ways to shape a society that made sense Church Abuses The church had become involved in world affairs Church fought against monarchs Church fought against other nations to gain lands The church had become morally corrupt

Martin Luther People of the church led lavish lives Sold indulgences (paid for your sins) Charged for ALL services Europe is tired of the Church (Catholic Church) Martin Luther Sparks a Revolution 1517 protest against the church began Monk in Wittenberg Germany Professor of theology Wrote 95 these Arguments against indulgences Arguments against church practices Arguments against the churches abuses

95 Thesis Copies of the 95 Thesis were printed and circulated around Europe Multiple vernaculars Luther gained a vast following Germany was outraged at Luther Church demanded Luther Recant his statements Luther Refused 1521 Luther is excommunicated from the church Charles V summoned him to the diet (meeting) of worms declaring him an outlaw of Germany 1521 Luther leaves Germany

95 Thesis Exerts 7. God remits guilt to no one whom He does not, at the same time, humble in all things and bring into subjection to His vicar, the priest. 8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to them, nothing should be imposed on the dying. 5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons. 13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties; they are already dead to canonical rules, and have a right to be released from them. 15. This fear and horror is sufficient of itself alone (to say nothing of other things) to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair. 16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ as do despair, almost-despair, and the assurance of safety. 17. With souls in purgatory it seems necessary that horror should grow less and love increase. 27. They preach man who say that so soon as the penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory].

Focus Question What is a vernacular?

Lutherans Luther gains a mass following while away, he preached that: All Christians have equal access to the bible and God through faith not money He wanted all children to go to school He banned indulgences (payment of sins) Permitted the clergy to marry Was tired of German money going to Italy to the Church 1524 Luther Returns to Germany Began preaching sermons which caused a mass revolt against the Catholic Church Peasants Revolted following Luther's lead Known as the peasants revolt Thousands of people revolted against the Catholic Church 30,000 people were killed in a matter of weeks around 100,000 died before it was all over Tired of injustice by the Catholic Church Luther has become a religious leader against the Church 1530 people considered themselves Lutherans and protestants New Religion has formed and spread

Changes Charles V signed the Peace of Augsburg because of the Peasants revolt Allowed each individual prince to determine their own religion within the Germanic Empire The Germanic Empire became divided Switzerland Reformation Wanted to become Protestant John Calvin Swiss Reformer Believed in Predestination Handwork, discipline, honesty, morality Worked with Luther

What was the Peace of Augsburg? Focus Question What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Section 4

What was the peasants Revolt of 1530? Focus Question What was the peasants Revolt of 1530?

English Reformation John Wycliffe wanted a Reformation in the 1300’s Wrote the Wycliffe Bible Henry VIII begins the English Reformation Was a catholic Wife could not produce a son Wanted a divorce/ the pope said no (goes against Catholicism) Forms the Church of England Writes the Act of Supremacy Declares himself the head of the Church Opposed to most Protestant practices Was still Catholic at heart Wanted England to keep its Catholic characteristics Married 6 times and only has 1 son that lives past infancy

What was the act of Supremacy? Focus Question What was the act of Supremacy?

English Reformation 1547 Henry VIII dies Edward VI inherited the English Throne in 1547 at the age of 10 Was a devout protestant Took steps to make England completely protestant Persecuted the Catholics He dies at 15 due to a lung disease Mary Tudor (Mary I) takes the throne Catholic faith Known as “bloody Mary” Harsh persecution of the protestants Wife of Phillip II of Spain Elizabeth takes the throne in 1558 Protestant Firm Protestant beliefs Transforms England back into a Protestant nation which it remains to this day

Catholic Nations Led by pope Paul III Set up the council of Trent Retrieve moral authority from the “immoral protestants” Tired of people leaving the catholic church Set up the council of Trent Fought Protestantism Tortured, killed, and coerced people for information Secret council Designed to catch protestants Outlawed any protestant teachings

Widespread Persecution Pope recognizes the Jesuits, advisors to the Catholics Catholics and protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted radical sects Anabaptist Jews Spain expelled the Jews in 1492 Jew were expelled by the Catholics and Protestants Martin Luther persecuted the Jews also Witches Tens of thousands of people were burned for being “witches” Most were women Persecuted by both the Catholics and the Protestants War of religion has officially began in Europe

Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation created hundreds of new sects Lutherans and Calvinist created their own new churches Causes other to break away Anabaptist Rejected infant baptism Were a radical group of Protestants Believed that separation of Catholics and other religions could be peaceful Mennonite, Amish, Apostolic, Baptist

Section 5

What was the Council of Trent? Focus Question What was the Council of Trent?

Changing World Views Renaissance and Reformation facilitated the breakdown of the medieval worldviews Scientific revolution begins Mathematical law governed the universe Before the Reformation people thought that Earth was the center of the universe Earth was square Nicholas Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory (sun centered)

Scientific Revolution Tucho Brahe and Johannes Kepler used data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun Supported Copernicus's theory Differed in that he proved planets moved in oval motions called eclipses Galileo Developed a telescope Realized the Copernicus theory was correct The theory contradicted the ancient view and the church views Changed Christian teachings

A New Scientific Method The Church opposed new scientific theories People were now relying on observation and experiments rather than teachings Scientific method was a revolution in thought Francis Bacon Stressed experimentation and observation Wanted science to make life better Rene Descartes Stressed human reasoning A new step by step process evolved known as the Scientific Method

Breakthrough in Medicine and Chemistry Exploring the Human body became a fascination during the 1500’s People were intrigued with how the body worked People did experiments of both the living and the dead 1543 Structures of the human body was written Detailed study of the human body New preventions for infections were developed New surgical techniques were invented

Isaac Newton Links Science Created the theory of gravity Explained the orbits of the planets Explained falling objects Developed calculus

Name three scientists of the Scientific Revolution Focus Question Name three scientists of the Scientific Revolution