The Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 13

13-1 The Renaissance in Italy

The Italian City-States Why Italy? Florence and the Medics Produced poets, artists, scholars, and scientists Medici family Richest ______ and _______ in Europe. Money=political power patrons Architectural remains of rome, centers of trade in italy, poweful merchant class, economic leadership, stressed education, spent lavishly on arts; merchants and bankers

What was the Renaissance? Time of creativity, political, social, economic, and cultural development A New Worldview Centered around _____ and ______ rebirth. Preservation of the old: Production of the new: Greek and Roman; monks preserved latin, math; new focused on here and now/not death, focus on individual achievement

A Spirit of Adventure Humanism Led to exploration Humanities: Chris Columbus Humanism Humanities: Focused on worldly subjects instead of reliigious issues; grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history

13-3 The Protestant Reformation

Abuses in the Church Popes living lavish How? Indulgences- Protests in northern Europe Funding painting art to beutify church; increased fees for sacraments

Luther’s Protest The 95 Theses 1517 Martin Luther leads revolt Johann Tetzel Effect: What did they object to? German monk objected to church corruption; sold indulgences to build cathedral; martin luther drew up 95 theses; indulbences, power of the pope, sacraments all but 2,

Luther Versus the Church Church demanded he recant views. Reject Rome Excommunication in 1521 Renounced authority of pope In hiding

Luther’s Teachings Deeds v. Faith Bible No hierarchy Rejected: Translation Education No hierarchy Rejected: Emphasized: 5 sacraments, indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayer to saints; marriage of clergy, sermons

Spread of Lutheran Ideas By 1530, Lutherans changed name to __________ Widespread Support Answer to corruption Selfish reasons: National loyalty Protestants; princes throw off rule of holy roman emperors and church; no money to rome

The Peasant Revolt The Peace of Augsburg Peasant supporters of Luther started a revolt in 1524. Luther’s views: The Peace of Augsburg A settlement was reached Believed in social order and supported nobles who killed tens of thousands of peasants; allowed princes to decide what religion to support

John Calvin Teachings Calvin’s Geneva (Switzerland) Bible only source of salvation Predestination Saints and sinners True Christian lives Calvin’s Geneva (Switzerland) Set up a theocracy Harsh punishments for offenses for: Education Religious government run by the church; fighting swearing, laughing in church, dancing, theatres, elaborate dressing

Spread of Calvinism Calvinism took root in Germany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland. Created wars with Roman Catholic Church

13-4 Reformation Ideas Spread

Radical Reformers Radical sects Anabaptists What did Luther think of them? Religious toleration and separation of _________ Quakers, Amish, Mennonites No infant baptism, abolish private property, bring the violence for judgement day; join catholics to restore order;

The English Reformation Seeking an Annulment King Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith” Wife, Catherine of Aragon Refusal of annulment Anne Boleyn Original supporter of catholic church

Break With Rome Decided to take over the English church 1534 Act of Supremacy Opposition were ______, some ________. Thomas Cranmer (married 4 more times only one son) Made henry the supreme head on earth of the church of england, opposers were executed of treason, and some canonized; archbishop annuled the marriaige.

The Church of England Religious Turmoil Investigating of convents Anglican Church Religious Turmoil His son, Edward VI supported __________. His daughter, Mary turns against Protestants. Centers of immorality and closed; new church of england, allowed use of english bible, kept most catholic reforms, was not a religious man book of common prayer (form of protestant service)

The Elizabethan Settlement On Mary’s death in 1558, Elizabeth became queen. Elizabethan Settlement Compromise Preserved hierarchy Book of Common Prayer English Protestant

The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III was leader of reformation. Goal: Council of Trent 1545 Tradition Good works Not only Bible Accountability education Reclaim catholic church and push for reform (end corruption)

The Inquisition Ignatius of Loyola Purpose: Index of Forbidden Books Society of Jesus or Jesuits 1540 Extreme discipline and obedience missionaries COURT established to torture and execute heretics; (lutther and calvin banned); spread christianity and combat heresy;

Widespread Persecution Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. Catholic mobs killed Protestants. Protestants killed Catholic priests and wrecked Catholic churches. Witch Hunts 1450 to 1750, tens of thousands killed. Many were scapegoats. Most were: Beggers, poor widows, or midwives

Jews and the Reformation Spain expelled Jews in 1492 Italy: Ghettos Yellow badge Luther Migration Could stay, but forced in ghettos

13-5 The Scientific Revolution

Changing Views of the Universe A Revolutionary Theory 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Heliocentric model Galileo Telescope Controversy with church. Why? “it does move” Called to inquisition to deny his findings. “it does move”

A New Scientific Method A Step-by-Step Process Hypothesis Scientific method Bacon and Descartes Newton Ties It Together Isaac Newton Possible explanation, s.m- process to confirm findings of observation and research. Bacon= stresses experimentation, descartes emphasized human reasoning

Other Scientific Advances Chemistry Medicine Blood microscope