What is this a picture of?

Karyotype is a picture of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs

Karyotype Pictures of homologous chromosomes In what stage of meiosis do you think this is taken? Why? Pictures arranged by size and pasted on a sheet. What is it used for? Detect genetic abnormalities

Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles In a nutshell!

Review: Dominant/Recessive One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele) PP = purple Pp = purple pp = white

Review Problem: Dominant/Recessive In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p) show the cross between two heterozygous plants. P p GENOTYPES: - PP (1); Pp (2); pp (1) - ratio 1:2:1 P p PP Pp PHENOTYPES: Pp pp - purple (3); white (1) - ratio 3:1

Incomplete Dominance A third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous condition. Several types of Flower Colors RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

Problem: Incomplete Dominance Show the cross between a pink and a white flower. GENOTYPES: R r - Rr (2); rr (2) - ratio 1:1 r rr Rr PHENOTYPES: - pink (2); white (2) - ratio 1:1

http://watershed3.tripod.com/types.html

Codominance NS = some of each SS = sickle cells NN = normal cells sick The heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans NS = some of each SS = sickle cells NN = normal cells sick

Problem: Codominance Show the cross between an individual with sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier but not sick. N S GENOTYPES: - NS (2) SS (2) - ratio 1:1 S NS SS PHENOTYPES: - carrier (2); sick (2) - ratio 1:1

Blood type in humans Blood Types? Blood Alleles? Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O Blood Alleles? A, B, O (IA, IB, I)

Rules for Blood Type A and B are codominant AA = Type A BB = Type B AB = Type AB A and B are dominant over O AO = type A BO = type B OO = type O

What makes up our blood? RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLASMA – The yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. This red liquid is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

How is our blood type determined? Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You receive one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. These two genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

What are blood types? There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm http://www.lanecountyblood.org/images/other/bloodfacts.jpg 45% 40% 11% 4% How common are the 4 blood types?

Rh Factors A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

Problem Show the cross between a mother who has type O blood and a father who has type AB blood. O O GENOTYPES: - AO (2) BO (2) - ratio 1:1 A B AO BO PHENOTYPES: - type A (2); type B (2) - ratio 1:1

Problem Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood. GENOTYPES: A O AB (1); BO (1); AO (1); OO (1) - ratio 1:1:1:1 B O AB OO BO AO PHENOTYPES: type AB (1); type B (1) type A (1); type O (1) - ratio 1:1:1:1

Caucasians African American Hispanic Asian O + 37% 47% 53% 39% O - 8% 4% 1% A + 33% 24% 29% 27% A - 7% 2% 0.5% B + 9% 18% 25% B - 0.4% AB + 3% AB - 0.3% 0.2%

Human Blood Type Chart - A, B, AB or O ABO Blood Type Per Cent of General Population Can DONATE Red Cells To: Can RECEIVE Red Cells From: Chance of Finding A Compatible Donor O+ 38.5% O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O- 1 out of 2 50% O- 6.5% All Types (universal donor) 1 out of 15 7% A+ 34.3% A+, AB+ A+, A-, O+, O- 4 out of 5 80% A- 5.7% A-, A+, AB-, AB+ A-, O- 1 out of 8 13% B+ 8.6% B+, AB+ B+, B-, O+, O- 3 out of 5 60% B- 1.7% B-, B+, AB-, AB+ B-, O- 1 out of 12 9% AB+ 4.3% All Types (universal recipient)  100% AB- 0.7% AB-, AB+ AB-, A-, B-, O- 1 out of 7 14%

Type Per Cent O+ 38.5% A+ 34.3% B+ 8.6% O- 6.5% A- 5.7% AB+ 4.3% B- Human Blood Types Listed by Frequency of Occurrence in the U.S. General Population Type Per Cent Note O+ 38.5% - A+ 34.3% B+ 8.6% O- 6.5% Universal donor A- 5.7% AB+ 4.3% Universal recipient B- 1.7% AB- 0.7% Human Blood Types Listed by Frequency of Occurrence in the U.S. General Population

Sex Linked Traits Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. One pair of chromosomes is related to the sex of an individual , these chromosomes are called sex chromosomes

Sex Linked Traits The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes (1-22)

Sex Linked Traits In humans, the sex of an individual depends on the presence or absence of the Y chromosome   A normal human female is XX A normal human male is XY

(c = colorblind, C = normal) Sex Linked Traits Genes that are located on the X chromosome are called sex-linked genes. Traits determined by sex-linked genes are called sex-linked traits  (c = colorblind, C = normal) Ex. Color blindness female Xc Xc male Xc Y

Sex Linked Traits Sex linked traits are recessive, this means both x chromosomes must have the gene in order for the trait to be expressed.

Sex Linked Traits If only one x chromosome is present (in males)and has the sex linked gene, then the trait will be expressed

(C= normal, c= colorblind) Carriers A carrier is a person that has the trait on only one chromosome and does not express the trait. Carriers of sex linked traits are always women. (C= normal, c= colorblind) Ex. Color blind carrier XC Xc

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A colorblind male marries a normal female. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? (C = normal, c = colorblind) Xc Y XC

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A colorblind male marries a normal female. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? (C = normal, c = colorblind) Xc Y XC XC Xc XC Y XC XC Xc XC Y

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A normal male (not colorblind) marries a carrier. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? XC Y XC Xc

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A normal male (not colorblind) marries a carrier. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? XC Y XC XC XC XC Y Xc Xc Xc Xc Y

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A normal male (not colorblind) marries a colorblind female. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? XC Y Xc

Sex Linked Punnett Squares A normal male (not colorblind) marries a colorblind female. What are the offspring genotypes and phenotypes? XC Y Xc XC Xc Xc Y

Hemophilia Hemophilia is characterized by uncontrolled bleeding It is a sex linked disorder caused by errors in the DNA that codes for the proteins involved in clotting