Materials: 2 worksheets *Turn in homework to blue tray Catalyst: Transcribe and Translate the following DNA strand: DNA: ATCCACGGGATCTTC mRNA: Protein:

Materials: none *Get out mutations notes 3.4 and put on your desk. Catalyst: Transcribe and Translate the following DNA strand: DNA: CTCCGCAAACCTGAG mRNA: Protein:

Elite Eight Trait Check-Up Respect the Threshold Everyone on time? Silent for First Five? Be Prepared (2 min) Seated Have materials Working on catalyst

Announcements Tutorial Tomorrow (Tuesday) from 3:15-4:30. Come to make up/retake star quiz 10 Star Quiz 11 Wednesday: over Transcription, Translation, and Codon Charts Benchmark on Thursday/Friday Let us see how we compare to the rest of the county! Lets be the best!

Star Quiz 10 Mastery Class Averages: 1st: 70.1% 2nd: 83.4% 4th: 80.1%

Track Your Mastery Quiz Name: Star Quiz 10: Central Dogma Points Possible: 12 Points Earned: Top of the Fraction Mastery Percentage: Percent Graph Mastery on Back

Genetic Mutations

Essential Question How do mutations impact an organism?

Genetic Mutations Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence affecting the genetic code Gene mutations: changes in a single gene Chromosomal mutations: changes in whole chromosomes

THINK: Which aspect of the CENTRAL DOGMA can mutations affect? Genetic Mutations CENTRAL DOGMA DNA RNA PROTEIN THINK: Which aspect of the CENTRAL DOGMA can mutations affect?

Genetic Mutations Mutation Expressed Silent Frameshift Point Insertion Deletion Missense Nonsense

Gene Mutation Types

Point Mutations Point Mutations: affect one nucleotide Occur at a single point Some are substitutions that can change one amino acid to another amino acid i.e. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia

Point Mutations MISSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the amino acid to a different codon NONSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the amino acid to a STOP codon SILENT: a mutation that DOES NOT change the amino acid What would happen if a STOP codon came up too early during translation?

Point Mutations

Point Mutations AUG GCA CGA GCG (RNA) MET ALA ARG ALA (Protein) AUG GCC CGA GCG MET ALA ARG ALA ALA remains ALA, despite mutation If NO CHANGE in the amino acid occurs, it is a SILENT MUTATION

Think: Point Mutations THECATATETHERAT THECWTATETHERAT single point mutation (substitution)

Frameshift Mutations Insertions: additions of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence. Ex: Crohn’s Disease Deletions: loss of a nucleotide from the DNA sequence. Ex: Cystic Fibrosis

Frameshift Mutations The result of a frameshift mutation is new codons! Causes BIG CHANGES in the Protein Whole lines of codons will be changed and many different amino acids will be produced

Think: Frameshift Mutations THECATATETHERAT E THEECATATETHERAT point of insertion E THEECATATETHERAT message is nonsensical the “reading frame” is shifted

Frameshift Mutations THE DOG BIT THE CAT: CGA GCA CGA GCG U inserted THE DOU GBI TTH ECA T CGA GCU ACG AGC G U inserted

Frameshift Mutations

THINK: Which is more harmful to a person’s DNA: a point mutation or a frameshift mutation? Why?

Genetic Mutations

Can Mutations Be Harmful? Mutations can lead to diseases that can be passed down through families Sickle Cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis PKU Hemophilia Think: Draw

Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 1 in 800 live births Defining characteristics: a flat face, a small broad nose, abnormally shaped ears, a large tongue, and upward slanting eyes with small folds of skin in the corners. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/chromosomal/down/

Turner Syndrome When females (XX) are born with only one X chromosome

What is CANCER? Mutagens cancer causing agents e.g. smoking, drugs, alcohol, sun, radiation, obesity, and nitrate- cured foods

Cancer Facts Behavior contributes to approximately 40% of all cancers Diet plays role in 35% of all cancer cases. The environment, workplace pollutants and natural causes play a role in the rest.

Cancer Facts One out of three Americans will develop cancer. One out of four males and one out of three females will die of cancer. Fossil evidence indicates that cancer has been killing plants and animals for millions of years.

Are Mutations Beneficial or Harmful? Mutations can either be beneficial or harmful Beneficial: lead to Genetic Variation Harm: Genetic Disorders

THINK: why is variation/mutation beneficial to organisms? Benefits of Mutation THINK: why is variation/mutation beneficial to organisms? IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an organism to better adapt to the environment Organisms can live longer and multiply Survival of the fittest Can lead to evolution of a species over time.

Mutation Summary DNA RNA PROTEIN Changes in the DNA sequence CENTRAL DOGMA DNA RNA PROTEIN Changes in the DNA sequence Responsible for evolutionary change Can be either benign (harmless) or lethal (harmful)

Panther Pass 1 What happens during a silent mutation? What is the end result? What is an insertion mutation? What is the end result? What is a nonsense mutation? What is the end result? Are mutations harmful, beneficial, or both?