Thought Jot

Daily Goals Content: Literacy: Social: Understand How Jim Crow laws and segregation effected African-Americans Literacy: Understand concepts: segregation, Jim Crow, and “separate but equal” Work with primary sources Social: Raise hand and wait to be called on Limit side conversations Participate in partner and group discussion

Plessy vs. Ferguson Court Case Homer Plessy was jailed in 1892 for sitting in a whites only railroad car. Plessy decided to challenge Jim Crow and segregation in court. Plessy v Ferguson was heard by the US Supreme Court Court Ruling: Separate but Equal Doctrine: Segregation is okay, as long as everything else about it is equal. Segregation is not overturned until 1954

Challenge 1: Jim Crow Laws What was Jim Crow? an African-American character that tried to act “out of his place” by adopting white dress and habits. What are Jim Crow Laws? Laws that Segregated: Separating the races in public areas and services. Jim Crow laws started in the North and slowly made their way South.

Examples of Jim Crow Laws White nurses couldn’t help Black men Separate transport waiting rooms & ticket offices for Blacks Blacks & whites couldn’t play pool together People of different races couldn’t marry Separate toilets, fountains Separate baseball fields Separation of white & Black prisoners Black & white students couldn’t use the same textbooks Blacks could not be served in white restaurants or lunch counters No Blacks in public libraries Whites forbidden to sell property to Blacks

Challenge 2: Klu Klux Klan reformed The KKK is re-founded in 1917 and its membership grows into the millions during the 1920s Most members lived in the South, but there were chapters in every state. Focus of hatred: African-Americans, Immigrants, and Catholics

KKK fear tactic: Race Rally

KKK fear tactic: : Cross Burning

KKK fear tactic: Night Riding

Challenge 3: Lynching Increases Lynching: Mob-hanging a suspect without a trial. Spectacle Lynching: Lynching held as a public event. What might start a mob lynching?

Lynchings: By Year and Race Whites Blacks Total 1895 66 113 179 1896 45 78 123 1897 35 158 1898 19 101 120 1899 21 85 106 1900 9 115 1901 25 105 130 1902 7 92 1903 15 84 99 1904 76 83 1905 5 57 62 1906 3 65 1907 58 61 1908 8 89 97 1909 13 69 82 1910 67

Challenge 4: Race Riots The Great Migration: Many African-Americans move into cities to escape sharecropping system in factories. Race Riots: This creates friction between Black, Immigrant, and White communities living close together.

Riots against African Americans Increase Many, in some cases dozens of African Americans died. 1873: Colfax, LA 1898: Wilmington, NC 1898: Greenwood, SC 1900: New Orleans, LA 1900: New York City 1904: Springfield, OH 1906: Atlanta, GA 1906: Greenburg, IN 1906: Brownsville, TX 1908: Springfield, IL 1917: St. Louis, IL. Chester, PA, Philadelphia, PA, Houston, TX 1919: Red Summer—Chicago, Omaha, Charleston, Longview, TX, Knoxville, TN, Elaine, AR 1921: Tulsa, OK 1923: Rosewood, FL

Afro-American Council of 1898 The year is 1898 You have been invited to attend a workshop that is being put on by the Afro-American Council You will explore issues created by Jim Crow by looking at actual pamphlets that were presented at this workshop. Afro-American Council 1898-1907