Southern Africa

History Bantu Migration brought cultures who settled in villages 1200s-1400s: empires developed around the gold trade

Southern Africa: History 1500s: Portuguese arrived and other Europeans soon followed conflicts arose between Europeans and Africans

Southern Africa: History mid 1600’s: Boers, Dutch farmers, arrive in Southern Africa 1800s: Zulu controlled a large area British defeated Zulu and by late 1800s took over their land

Southern Africa: History 1890’s: British battled the Dutch farmers (Boers) in the Boer War for control of the region British won the war and formed Union of South Africa in 1902 Won independence in 1910 Remained under the control of the white minority

Apartheid Origins Blacks made up 75% of the population 1913: Natives Land Act: hundreds of thousands of Africans were forced off land which they either owned or had settled on 7% of land set aside as reservations for Africans 93% for whites

Apartheid Origins Around the same time, segregation began to be introduced into the mines so that Africans were barred from taking jobs involving any skilled labour 1912: African National Congress founded by blacks to fight for their rights

Apartheid 1936: Africans and mixed race people of South Africa lost right to vote 1948: white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apartheid apartheid: a policy of complete separation of the races had already been a part of the culture: now it was official

Apartheid Origins Many laws were passed: The Race Classification Act. Every citizen suspected of not being European was classified according to race. The Mixed Marriages Act. It prohibited marriage between people of different races. The Group Areas Act. It forced people of certain races into living in designated areas.

Apartheid Policies Bantusans: areas where a majority of blacks were moved to prevent them from living in cities: organized by ethnic group kept blacks from joining together blacks had rights in these “homelands” but not nationally after black South Africans were moved to Bantusans, government sold their land to whites between 1961-1994 3.5 million people moved to Bantusans

Nelson Mandela 1949: Nelson Mandela emerges as one of the leaders of the African National Congress Mandela encouraged policies of civil disobedience to fight apartheid civil disobedience campaign: refusal to obey certain laws/commands of a government 1960s: Mandela took a more militant approach [I]t would be wrong and unrealistic for African leaders to continue preaching peace and nonviolence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle.”

Nelson Mandela 1964: Mandela sentenced to life in prison for plotting to overthrow the government 1970s: Black Africans protested and police responded with violence other countries started to take notice and pressure South African government to end apartheid foreign investments started to decline countries imposed sanctions (penalties) on South Africa

End of Apartheid Small reforms were made but the white government still believed they were superior to blacks Worldwide protests took place 1989: F. W. de Klerk became President and he overturned apartheid 1990: Mandela released from prison

End of Apartheid 1994: election involving members of all races took place Mandela won and became the country’s first black president 1996: Government passed a new constitution that guarantees rights of all citizens

South Africa Today South Africa has one of the world’s largest economies In recession since 2009 recession: economic decline South African blacks have achieved political equality but they are much poorer than whites Average income for white South African is 10 times higher than for blacks

South Africa Today Blacks get the worst jobs, own the least productive land, and attend the worst schools Apartheid led to poor education for blacks

South Africa Today South Africa has 2 economies: 1. White upper middle income live in secure neighborhoods in cities have good jobs and access to education 2. Poverty stricken blacks live in poor, rural townships and work in unskilled jobs