Infinitive Formation Active Passive -isse esse Perfect Present Future Perfect Stem + -isse 4th Princ Part + esse Present 2nd Principal Part 2nd PP minus ‘e’ or ‘ere’ (3rd conj) + i Future Future Act Partic + esse Rare: Fut Act Partic + iri
Infinitive Forms of Amo, amare, amavi, amatum Active Passive Perfect amavisse amatum/am/os/as/a esse Present amare amari Future amaturum/am/os/as/a esse amaturum/am/os/as/a iri
Infinitive Forms of duco, ducere, duxi, ductum Active Passive Perfect duxisse ductum/am/os/as/a esse Present ducere duci Future ducturum/am/os/as/a esse ducturum/am/os/as/a iri
Indirect Statement The speaker/writer reports to the reader or listener what he, she, or a character heard someone say, what they saw, thought, felt, believed, knew, hoped, promised, or otherwise perceived. The speaker / author puts these perceptions into their own words instead of quoting what they heard directly.
Verbs of Perception or feeling audio sentio video nosco cognosco dico scio puto 11. nuntio 12. spero 13. nego 14. minor 13. polliceor 14. existimo 15. arbitror etc.
How to translate the Accusative/Infinitive in Indirect Discourse Trojanos pervenire audivit. S/he heard that the Trojans were arriving. ‘Trojanos’ is the Accusative SUBJECT of an indirect statement. You should almost always try to get a ‘THAT’ into your translation of an indirect statement.
Infinitives Express Relative Time Perfect Infinitives happened before the main verb. Present Infinitives happen at the same time as the main verb. Future Infinitives happen subsequent the main verb.
Participles Express Relative Time Perfect Participles happened before the main verb. Present Participles happen at the same time as the main verb. Future Participles happen subsequent the main verb.
Types of Participles Active Passive Perfect xxx actus, acta, actum Tense Active Passive Perfect xxx verbs like locutus are active only in meaning actus, acta, actum Present agens, agentis Future acturus, actura, acturum agendus, agenda, agendum
Translations of Participles Tense Active Passive Perfect xxxx having verbed having been verbed Present verbing xxxxx Future going to verb going to be verbed