More Nomenclature

Hydrates Some compounds contain H2O in their structure. These compounds are called hydrates. This is different from (aq) because the H2O is part of the molecule (not just surrounding it). The H2O can usually be removed if heated.

A dot separates water: e. g A dot separates water: e.g. CuSO4•5H2O is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. A greek prefix indicates the # of H2O groups.

sodium sulfate decahydrate nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate Na2CO3•H2O BaCl2•2H2O Na2SO4•10H2O NiSO4•6H2O sodium carbonate monohydrate barium chloride dihydrate

Naming Bases Bases contain an OH group If an OH group is present it will be clearly indicated: e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Also notice that bases have a metal (or positive ion such as NH4+ at their beginning) Bases are named like other ionic compounds: +ve is named first, followed by the polyatomic ion

- calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 - copper(I) hydroxide CuOH - Al(OH)3 - NH4OH Ca(OH)2 CuOH aluminum hydroxide ammonium hydroxide

Naming Acids and Their Ions There are two main kinds of acids: binary acids and oxoacids. A binary acid is composed of two elements: hydrogen and a non metal. The general formula for a binary acid is HX, where X is the non-metal. (HBr and HCl are two examples).

To name a binary acid Attach the prefix hydro Use the non-metal name as the root Attach the suffic “ic” Add the word acid

HF Hydrofluric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid HBr Hydrobromic acid HI Hydroiodic acid H2S Hydrosulfuric acid

An oxoacid (oxyacid) is an acid formed from a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen, hydrogen, and another element. For anions that end in “ate”, change the ending to “ic” and add the word acid ClO3- is chlorate HClO3- is called chloric acid

For anions that end in “ite”, change the ending to “ous” and add the word acid. ClO2- is chlorite HClO2- is chlorous acid

The prefixes hypo and per remain as part of the acid name. ClO4- is perchlorate HClO4- is perchloric acid

Oxyacids (cont.) If the Acid has one more Oxygen than the base acid (found on back of table), the naming goes as followed: To Name: Per + 3rd element + ic + Acid Ex: HNO4 = Per + Nitrogen – ogen + ic + Acid = Pernitric Acid H2SO5 = Persulfuric Acid

Let’s Try: give formula or name a) chloric acid b) hydrosulfuric acid c) hydrobromic acid d) phosphorous acid e) iodic acid f) HCl(g) g) HCl(aq) h) H2SO4(s) i) H2SO4(aq) j) HClO2 k) HF(aq) a) HClO3 b) H2S(aq) c) HBr(aq) d) H3PO3 e) HIO3 f) hydrogen chloride g) hydrochloric acid h) sulfuric acid i) sulfuric acid j) chlorous acid k) hydrofluoric acid