Midterm Review General

Chapter 1 1. Scientists use the metric system which is based on the powers of ten. 2. Observation- process of gathering information by using your senses Inference - Assumption or conclusion based on prior experience

Collect the Data 4. The dependent variable is what changes when the independent variable changes (the dependent variable depends on the outcome of the independent variable) The factor that is changed in an experiment is the independent variable. (it is what the scientist changes) Only one factor in a controlled experiment can change at a time.

Ch 1.3 Methods of Science 5. Steps of the Scientific Method observe question Make a testable explanation (hypothesis) experiment. Analyze & collect data state findings (report conclusions)

6. Energy is ability to do work. 7. The reaction to the stimulus is the response 8. Organisms must respond to stimuli. The cause of the reaction is the stimulus.

The Eight Characteristics of Life 9. Growth 10. organization 11. Evolution gradual accumulations of adaptations over time 12. Biology study of life

13. Reproduction 14. Development 15. Stimulus 16. Organism 17 13. Reproduction 14. Development 15. Stimulus 16. Organism 17. Adaptation 18. Homeostasis

Chapter 6 19. H20 20. 24 21. protons, neutrons, electrons, electron, protons, and neutrons

22.The first energy level holds 2 electrons. 2nd energy level holds 8 electrons. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to get a reaction started.

25. Enzymes are proteins that decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to begin. e. A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

25. a. lipids are made up of fats, oils, waxes, steroids b. Organisms use carbohydrates as their main source of energy c. Proteins are made of amino acids

d. Acids have pH values lower than 7. Bases have pH values higher

Chapter 7 26. Scientists first observed tiny organisms using microscopes. Hooke first described cells. 27. All living organisms are made of cells, come from pre-existing cells, and the cells are the basic unit 28. Prokaryotic cells are cells lack a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotic. 29. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus.

30. nonpolar, homeostasis 31. lysosomes 32. No 33 30. nonpolar, homeostasis 31. lysosomes 32. No 33. energy, into Horomones

34. Mitochondria 35. Mitochondria 36. Cell membrane 37. Lysosomes 38 34. Mitochondria 35. Mitochondria 36. Cell membrane 37. Lysosomes 38. Nucleus 39. Endoplasmic reticulum

40. chloroplasts 41. Flagella & cilia 42. Ribosomes 43. Cell wall 44 40. chloroplasts 41. Flagella & cilia 42. Ribosomes 43. Cell wall 44. Cytoplasm 45. Vacuoles 46. Golgi body

Chapter 8 47. Chloroplasts 48. Thylakoids 49. Chlorophyll 50. Light dependent reaction, light independent reaction 51. CAM and C4 52.Sugar cane and corn

53. Energy 54. Cellular respiration 55. ATP production 56 53. Energy 54. Cellular respiration 55. ATP production 56. Lactic acid and alcoholic 57. Photosynthesis 58. Mitochondria 59.Cytoplasm

60. Chlorophyll 61. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 62. Methane 63 60. Chlorophyll 61. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 62. Methane 63. Fermentation

Chapter 9 64. Uv light, tobacco, viruses, environmental factors a. cyclins 65. Proteins a. nuclear material, two identical b. stem c. apoptosis

Chapter 9 66. Spindle fibers 67. Chromatid 68. Centromere 69. Chromosomes 70. Telophase 71. S phase

72. Anaphase 73. Prophase 74. Interphase 75. Metaphase 76 72. Anaphase 73. Prophase 74. Interphase 75. Metaphase 76. Cytokinesis 77. Chromosomes 78. Prophase

79. Metaphase 80. Sister chromatids 81. Cytokinesis 82. Cell cycle 83 79. Metaphase 80. Sister chromatids 81. Cytokinesis 82. Cell cycle 83. Interphase 84. Centromeres 85. Anaphase 86. mitosis

Chapter 10 87. Squares used to predict possible offspring 88. Crossing over 89. Homozygous 90. Heterozygous 91. segregation 92. Genotype 93. Egg 94. sperm

95. Phenotype 96. Genotype 97. Allele 98. Phenotype 99. Gamete 100 95. Phenotype 96. Genotype 97. Allele 98. Phenotype 99. Gamete 100. Meiosis 101. Genetics 102. DNA