Class Name, Instructor Name Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated Case Study Approach 1ed Chapter 1 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: THEN AND NOW Class Name, Instructor Name Date, Semester

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies

Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation

History of Investigations BOW STREET RUNNERS: Henry Fielding—Organized volunteers called “thief- takers” in 1748 John Fielding—created the first organized nonmunicipal detectives 4 4

Scotland Yard Detective Branch The Daniel Good murder enforced the need for detectives looking like ordinary citizens Established in 1842, multiple municipal law enforcement agencies created London’s Scotland Yard Detective Branch.

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation

Research and Science Mathieu Orfila—toxicologist Investigation: Scientific and Laboratory analyses Mathieu Orfila—toxicologist Began scientific era Toxicology: Cause of Death 7

Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation

American Investigations Prescientific Period Scientific Period Technological Period 9

Prescientific Period Prescientific Period Informal law enforcement activities led to the creation of local, state, federal agencies Prescientific Period 10 10

Began with advent of the investigative crime lab in early 1920s Scientific Period Began with advent of the investigative crime lab in early 1920s Scientific Period 11 11

Technological Period Technological Period 1960s added computers and large-scale databases to criminal investigations Technological Period 12 12

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies

Investigative Agencies Established U.S. Marshall Service —1789, court security, serve arrest warrants, capture fugitives U.S. Postal Inspection —1830, mail theft, fraud, identity theft, bombings, child exploitation, terrorism Texas Rangers —1835, major crimes, unsolved crimes, serial offenders, public corruption, officer involved shootings

Investigative Agencies Established Municipal Detectives —1846, Francis Tukey “show up of rogues,” Allan Pinkerton 1849, first US plainclothes detective Pinkerton Detectives —1850, private investigation agency, security services Secret Service —1865, prevent counterfeiting, protect president, money laundering

Investigative Agencies Established FBI —1908, civil rights matters, counterterrorism, organized crime, financial crimes Bureau of Prohibition —1927, liquor laws, changed to ATF, illegal use/trafficking firearms, explosives, arson, bombings, terrorism, alcohol, tobacco Bureau of Narcotics —1930, drug enforcement, changed to DEA

Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America

Origins World’s first crime lab—France, Edmond Locard, 1910 First U.S. crime lab—LAPD, 1923, August Vollmer Calvin Goddard—earliest private crime lab Sacco-Vanzetti murder case (ballistics) St. Valentine’s Day Massacre Goddard appointed as Director of private crime lab 1929 because of these 2 cases

Origins FBI implementation of crime lab J. Edgar Hoover National Bureau of Criminal Identification Criminal Laboratory opened 1932 in Washington DC Typewriter Standards File National Fraudulent Check File Anonymous Letter File National Automotive Paint File Reference Firearms Collection

Advancements Academic Innovations Criminalists and Forensic Science Paul Kirk Trace evidence Blood spatter analysis Criminalists and Forensic Science American Board of Criminalists Criminalists Forensic Sciences

Advancements NCIC IAFIS DNA 1967 Crime related information—vehicles, persons IAFIS Digital fingerprint system DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Pitchfork case (Sexual assault and murder of 2 women using DNA for case resolution)

CODIS DHS Advancements Genetic fingerprints Sex offenders terrorism International & domestic

CHAPTER SUMMARY The origins of criminal investigation can be traced back to the activities of several private individuals and groups, known as thief-takers. Henry Fielding and Sir John Fielding organized the first such group, the Bow Street Runners, in London. French toxicologist Mathieu Orfila testified as a forensic expert in a suspected murder by poisoning case, did the sciences become an established investigative tool. Other notable pioneering scientific contributions include Bertillon’s 1833 method of criminal identification by measurement (anthropometry) and Galton’s 1892 method of fingerprint classification. Prescientific Period, the first period of American criminal investigation, was characterized by information gathering techniques; the Scientific Period, the second period, involved the use of newly developed criminal identification methods; and the Technological Period, present-day investigations, involves the use of sophisticated high-tech innovations.

CHAPTER SUMMARY The world’s first lab was started in 1910 by Edmond Locard in France; first U.S. crime lab, LYPD, was instituted in 1923 by August Vollmer; and the earliest crime lab, Bureau of Scientific Ballistic, was found by Calvin Goddard. The U.S. Marshals Service was the first investigative agency, which was formed at the federal level; the other significant investigative agencies are the Texas Rangers, the U.S. Postal Inspection; Municipal Detectives; Pinkerton Detectives; Secret Service; FBI, Bureau of Prohibition; Bureau of Narcotics, etc.