Radiological & Nuclear MODULE 2 UNIT 7 Radiological & Nuclear Allow 60 minutes for this unit.

Unit 7 Learning Objectives At the completion of this unit the student will describe the basic terms associated with radioactivity and be able to describe how to safely measure radioactivity for safe operation. Read to students

Student Performance Objectives Describe the physical properties of atomic structure. Describe the difference in non- ionizing and ionizing radiation. Describe the emission of an atomic particle as the cause for ionizing radiation. Read to students

Student Performance Objectives Describe the four types of nuclear radiation. Describe the basic difference between nuclear and chemical explosions. Describe the 3 general protection measures against radiation. Describe how roentgen converts to other nuclear measurements. Read to student

Student Performance Objectives Describe the difference between contamination and exposure. Describe the investigatory alarm levels for radiation detection. Describe the turn back alarm level for radiation detection. Read to students.

Introduction Electrons Protons Neutrons Electrical Charge Electrons: Negatively charged particles. Protons: Positively charged particles. 1845 times larger than a electron. Neutrons: Is an Uncharged particle slightly larger than a proton? Electrical Charge: Is determined by the Number of Electrons vs. the number Protons.

Introduction (cont.) Nuclear Detonation Isotopes Fission Fusion Nuclear Detonation: Energy released in a nuclear explosion. Isotopes: Atomic species which have identical atomic numbers but different atomic mass numbers. Fission: The process in which a heavier unstable nucleus divides or splits. Fusion: The process in which two nuclei join.

Terms Radiation Radioactivity Non-ionizing Ionizing Decay Half-life State: Radiation is the emitting of energy from an atom in the form of either particles or electromagnetic waves. There are two classifications of radiation. Non-Ionizing: Waves of energy examples: radiant heat, radio waves and visible light. This type of radiation is thought to be harmless below the levels that heat is produced. Ionizing: Is radiation in which an individual particle (a photon, electron, or helium nucleus) carries enough energy to ionize an atom or molecule. Radioactivity: Is a term used to describe the process when Isotopes, the nuclei of which emit ionizing radiations to achieve stability, are term radioactive. Decay: Radioactive decay is the process by which radionuclide decay, emitting ionizing radiation. Half-life: The time required for half of a radioactive sample to decay.

Types of Nuclear Radiation Alpha Beta Gamma & X-ray Neutron Preview Slide State: There are five types of Nuclear Radiation and they are: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-ray, and Neutron (Note Gamma and X-ray are essentially the same thing). Each will be review briefly.

Alpha State: These are the Largest of the common radioactive particles Travel only 2 to 3 inches in air Can be stopped by a sheet of paper Pose the greatest risk if contaminated internally

Beta State: Are smaller than Alpha (size of an electron) Travel several yards in air Will penetrate the skin but not internal organs Can be stopped by thin metal or an inch of wood Pose the greatest risk if contamination is internal

Gamma & X-ray State: Gamma and X-ray are essentially the same thing Can travel great distances (based on the energy of the source material) Will pass through Human tissue Require shielding will large amounts of mass. Example, to reduce the intensity by just 50% you need .4 inches of Lead, 2.4 inches of concrete, and 3.6 inches of packed dirt. Presents a high external hazard

Neutron Is a result of a Nuclear reaction Does Not naturally occur in nature. State: This radiation is associated with Nuclear reactors or a Nuclear explosion Does not occur in Nature Poses both internal and external Hazard

Nuclear Explosive Device vs Nuclear Explosive Device vs. Explosive Radioactive Dispersion Device (RDD) State: A Nuclear explosive device is designed to cause a Nuclear explosion. An Explosive Radioactive Dispersion Device (RDD) is design to disperse radioactive materials without causing a Nuclear explosion.

Radiation Exposure Time Distance Shielding State: Time- spend as little time in the exposure area as possible Distance- put as much distance between you and the source as possible Shielding – use proper and sufficient shielding

Protective Action Guidelines The State of Ohio has adopted Protective Action Guidelines and they are presented in the student Manual. It is recommended that you review your Local SOP to ensure that you are following the appropriate guidelines as set forth by your agency. Review this slide and if necessary go over the Guidelines in the manual. Emphasize that the student must make himself or herself familiar with the local protocol.

Unit 7 Review Quiz Allow 10 minutes for the test Review questions with the class